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An Introduction to Finance
Edward Graham
Professor of Finance
Department of Economics and
Finance
Copyright© 2007
Continuing your Introduction to Finance
Copyright© 2007
An Introduction to Finance
What is finance?
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I. The Three Primary Duties of the
Financial Manager
Whether managing monies for the home, or for the firm, our
duties are met with decisions framed by the same general
principles. These principles instruct us in making three main
types of decisions as we perform those three primary duties:
Copyright© 2007
The Concept of Risk and Return
• We are past the half-way point. Celebrate.
• In Chapter 10, we examine the stock market, not towards learning how to
beat it, as that is highly unlikely, but in merely seeking to better
understand it.
• So, what about the stock market and stock returns? What is a stock
return?
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The Concept of Risk and Return
• Historically, as with your text on page 295, and the table on page
296 (Table 10.4), we see typical stock and bond performances.
• The first lesson on those pages is that with higher returns comes
higher risk.
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The Concept of Risk and Return
• The Risk Return Relationship
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The Concept of Risk and Return
• Game B is far riskier, and that introduces our second lesson:
• But, in life, there are few guarantees, so if you wish to “take a risk,”
recall that the stock market is widely considered to be “efficient.”
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The Concept of Risk and Return
• In Chapter 11, as introduced on pages 323-327, we underscore the
ideas of risk and return.
• E(A) = Rf + RP = 100,000 + 0
• E(B) = Rf + RP = 100,000 + 100,000
• In effect, you are not compensated for risk with Game A, and
you get a 100,000 bump in Game B for taking the risk. Further,
to not play Game B, in exchange for the guarantee of Game A,
you PAY $100,000 in insurance to assure a positive outcome,
forgoing the “expectation” of $200,000 with Game B.
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The Concept of Risk and Return
• We extend the tradeoff of being compensated for risk with an investment
example:
• Suppose we have a risky asset “A,” with expected returns of 100% one-
half the time, and a loss of 50% half the time. This is contrasted with an
available risk-less or risk-free asset yielding 5%.
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The Concept of Risk and Return
• Suppose we have 1 million dollars to invest, in bonds, real estate and
stocks. (This is covered in Section 11.2 on page 327 of your text)
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The Concept of Risk and Return
We avoid, with this portfolio, most of the shock to any one sector
or industry (called non-systematic or non-economy-wide risk),
but with any risky investment or risky portfolio we still have
systematic or economic risk. (As on page 333 of your text in
Section 11.3).
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The Concept of Risk and Return
• A model exists, Section 11.7 on pages 341-348 of your text, called the Capital
Asset Pricing Model or CAPM that describes the nature of risky asset returns as
a function of a risk-free guarantee, a risk-premium and the systematic risk of the
asset in question.
– The CAPM “story” is told with the Security Market Line or SML, as in your
text on page 347. The SML is the central prediction of the CAPM.
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The Capital Structure Decision
With the capital structure decision, the financial manager decides
from where best to acquire monies long-term. The purchase of that
new delivery truck with cash or with a loan from GMAC or Ford
Motor Credit is a capital structure decision; the use of long-term
borrowing to fund a franchise purchase is another.
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The Capital Structure Decision
• Recall that our overall objective as financial managers is to “borrow”
money at one rate of interest (letting that borrowing cost be an
assembly of our debt costs and our stockholders’ expected returns),
invest that money at a higher rate of return, and “keep the difference. In
this case, we keep the difference on behalf of our shareholders and
towards elevating our stock price.
• Table 12.1 on page 373 captures the spirit of the costs of capital
material in Chapter 12. There, we see that our “borrowing cost” above
becomes this curious weighted average cost of capital or:
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The Capital Structure Decision:
An Example
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The Capital Structure Decision:
An Example (continued)
Re? Suppose the firm uses the CAPM (the firm could just as
easily use the DGM or some other method to estimate its costs
of equity), its beta is 1.2, treasury bills are yielding 1%, and the
expected market return is 8%.
Re = Rf + Bi(Rm–Rf) = .01 + 1.2(.08 - .01) = .01 + .084 = 9.4%
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The Capital Structure Decision:
An Example (continued) WACC = (E/V)Re + (D/V)Rd(1-Tc)
Copyright© 2007