University of the Philippines Manila

School of Health Sciences

Palo Leyte

Public Health Parasitology

Ancylostoma
Duodenale

By: Marwin Joyce Odita

Ancylostoma
duodenale

Scientific
classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Chromadorea
Order: Rhabditida
Family:
Ancylostomatidae
Genus:
Ancylostoma
 Ancylostoma
duodenale
A species of the roundworm genus Ancylostoma.

A parasitic nematode worm and commonly known as the Old World hookworm.

It lives in the small intestine of hosts such as humans, cats and dogs, where it is
able to mate and mature.

It is abundant throughout the world, including Southern Europe, North Africa,

India, China, Southeast Asia, some areas in the United States, the Caribbean,
and South America
Characteris
tics:
It is a small, cylindrical worm, greyish-white in color.

It has two ventral plates on the anterior margin of the buccal capsule. Each of
them has two large teeth that are fused at their bases.

A pair of small teeth can be found in the depths of the buccal capsule.

Males are 8–11 mm long with a copulatory bursa at the posterior end.

Females are 10–13 mm long, with the vulva located at the posterior end;
females can lay 10,000 to 30,000 eggs per day.

The average lifespan of A. duodenale is one year.

Lifecyc
le:
Epidemiol
ogy:
A. duodenale is prevalent in Southern Europe, North Africa, India, China,
Southeast Asia, small areas of United States, the Caribbean islands, and South
America.

This hookworm is well known in mines because of the consistency in

temperature and humidity that provides an ideal habitat for egg and juvenile
development.

An estimated 1 billion people are infected with hookworms.

Transmission of A. duodenale is by contact of skin with soil contaminated with

larvae.
Infecti
on:
A light hookworm infection causes abdominal pain, loss of appetite, and
geophagy.

Heavy infection causes severe protein deficiency or iron-deficiency anemia.

Protein deficiency may lead to dry skin, edema, and abdominal extension from
edema (potbelly), while iron-deficiency anemia might result in mental dullness
and heart failure.

Women who are pregnant and infected should be aware that this parasite is
able to infect the fetus and can cause complications such as low birth weight,
maternal anemia, and infant mortality.
The eggs of A. duodenale and Necator americanus cannot be distinguished.

Larvae cannot be found in stool specimens unless they are left at ambient
temperature for a day or more.
Sympto
ms:
Symptoms generally start with itchiness and a small rash caused by an allergic
reaction in the area that the larvae entered your skin. This is generally followed
by diarrhea as the hookworms grow in your intestine.

Other symptoms include:

• abdominal pain
• colic, or cramping and excessive crying in infants
• intestinal cramps
• nausea
• a fever
• blood in your stool
• a loss of appetite
• itchy rash
Diagnosis:

The standard method for diagnosing the presence of hookworm is by

identifying hookworm eggs in a stool sample using a microscope. Because
eggs may be difficult to find in light infections, a concentration procedure is
recommended.
Treatme
nt:
Anthelminthic medications, such as Albendazole and Mebendazole, are
the drugs of choice for treatment of hookworm infections.

Albendazole: 400 mg orally once

Mebendazole: 100 mg orally twice a day for 3 days or 500 mg orally once

Pyrantel pamoate: 11 mg/kg (up to a maximum of 1 g) orally daily for 3 days

The WHO recommends deworming treatment during the second or third

trimester for pregnant women with heavy hookworm infections.

Infections are generally treated for 1-3 days.

Iron supplements may also be prescribed if the infected person has

anemia.
Prevention:

Education, improved sanitation, and controlled disposal of human feces are

important. Wearing shoes in endemic areas can reduce the prevalence of
infection, as well.
Thank
you!!!
References:

"Ancylostoma duodenale". Animal Diversity Web.

Bugnion, E. (1881). "On the epidemic caused by Ankylostomum among the eorkmen
in the St. Gothard Tunnel". British Medical Journal. 1 (1054): 382.
doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1054.382. PMC 2263460. PMID 20749811.
Peduzzi, R.; Piffaretti, J.-C. (1983). "Ancylostoma duodenale and the Saint Gothard
anaemia". British Medical Journal. 287 (6409): 1942–5.
doi:10.1136/bmj.287.6409.1942. PMC 1550193. PMID 6418279.
"Soil-Transmitted Helminths | USAID's Neglected Tropical Disease Program".
www.neglecteddiseases.gov.
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/treatment.html
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/health_professionals/index.html