Group 3A

Group 3A: BORON GROUP
Mary Rose Binamira

Mellen Perion
BS Chemsitry 1-A
B PROPERTIES
Classification: Boron is a metalloid
Color: black
Atomic weight: 10.81
State: solid
Melting point: 2075 oC, 2348 K
Boiling point: 3727 oC , 4000 K
Electrons: 5
Protons: 5
Neutrons in most abundant
6
isotope:
Electron shells: 2,3
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p1
Density @ 20oC : 2.34 g/cm3
Source: "Boron." Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 15 Oct. 2012. Web. 2/25/2019 <https://www.chemicool.com/elements/boron.html>.
B PROPERTIES
• Boron in its crystalline form is very unreactive. Amorphous boron is reactive. The
crystalline form is far less reactive than the powder form. The powder is oxidized slowly in
air at room temperature and ignites spontaneously at high temperatures to form an oxide.
The crystalline form is oxidized only very slowly, even at higher temperatures.
• It reacts with metals to form borides. Boron forms compounds with oxygen, hydrogen, the
halogens, nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon.
• At standard temperatures boron is a poor electrical conductor but is a good conductor at

high temperatures.
• Under normal circumstances boron does not react with water. Boron salts are generally well
water soluble. Boric acid has a water solubility of 57 g/L, borax of 25.2 g/L, and boron
trioxide of 22 g/L. Boron trifluoride is the least water soluble boron compound, with a water
solubility of 2.4 g/L. Some boron compounds, such as boron nitrite are completely water
insoluble.
B OCCURENCE
• Boron is never found in pure on Earth, but is found in small amount on meteoroids.
• The largest boron deposits are in Turkey
• Although over 200 different types of borate minerals exist in the earth's crust, just four
accounts for over 90 percent of commercial extraction of boron and boron compounds --
tincal, kernite, colemanite, and ulexite.
• Isotopes: 11 whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 7 to 17. Naturally occurring
boron is a mixture of its two stable isotopes and they are found in the percentages
shown: 10B (19.9%) and 11B (80.1%). 10B is used in nuclear reactors as a neutron-capturing
substance.
B SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
• To produce a relatively pure form of boron powder, boron oxide that is present in the
mineral is heated with magnesium or aluminum flux. The reduction produces
elemental boron powder that is roughly 92 percent pure.
• Pure boron can be produced by further reducing boron halides with hydrogen at
temperatures over 1500 C (2732 F).
• High-purity boron, required for use in semiconductors, can be made by decomposing

diborane at high temperatures and growing single crystals via zone melting or the
Czolchralski method
• While over six million metric tons of boron-containing minerals are mined each
year, the vast majority of this is consumed as borate salts, such as boric acid and
boron oxide, with very little being converted to elemental boron. In fact, only about
15 metric tons of elemental boron are consumed each year.
• The breadth of use of boron and boron compounds is extremely wide. Some
estimate that there are over 300 different end-uses of the element in its various
forms.
• The five major uses are:

 Glass (e.g., thermally stable borosilicate glass)
 Ceramics (e.g., tile glazes)
 Agriculture (e.g., boric acid in liquid fertilizers).
 Detergents (e.g., sodium perborate in laundry detergent)
 Bleaches (e.g., household and industrial stain removers)
• Boron is an essential nutrient for all green plants
• Boron is an indispensable element in NIB magnets (Neodymium – Iron – Boron).

NIB magnets are very powerful magnets invented in the early 1980s. They are
used in computers, cell phones, medical equipment, toys, motors, wind turbines
and audio systems
• Boron is used to control nuclear reactions. It is an excellent neutron absorber.

Alloyed with steel or reacted with carbon, titanium or zirconium, it is used in
control rods for nuclear reactors
Borosilicate glass is resistant to thermal

shock, thus used for lab beakers and tubes Borax is commonly used
as a cleaning product
Al PROPERTIES
Classification: Aluminum is an ‘other metal’
Color: silvery
Atomic weight: 26.98154 g/mol
State: solid
Melting point: 660.32 oC, 933.57 K
Boiling point: 2466.85 oC, 2740.00 K
Electrons: 13
Protons: 13
Neutrons in most abundant isotope: 14
Electron shells: 2,8,3
Electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
Density @ 20oC: 2.702 g/cm3
Source:"Aluminum." Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 26 Jul. 2014. Web. 2/25/2019 <https://www.chemicool.com/elements/aluminum.html>.
Al PROPERTIES
• Aluminum is a silvery-white metal.
• It does not stick to magnets It is an excellent electrical conductor. It is of low density and high
ductility.
• It is too reactive to be commonly found as the metal although, very rarely, the native metal
can be found.
• Its appearance is dulled and its reactivity is passivated by a film of aluminum oxide that
naturally forms on the surface of the metal under normal conditions. The oxide film results in
a material that resists corrosion. The film can be thickened using electrolysis or oxidizing
agents and aluminum in this form will resist attack by dilute acids, dilute alkalis and
concentrated nitric acid.
Al PROPERTIES
• Aluminum metal rapidly develops a thin layer of aluminum oxide of a few millimeters that
prevents the metal from reacting with water. The most abundant aluminum compounds
are aluminum oxide and aluminum hydroxide, and these are water insoluble.
• Aluminum lies sufficiently far on the right side of the periodic table that it shows some
hints of nonmetal behavior, reacting with hot alkalis to form aluminate ions [Al(OH) 4]– as
well as the more typical metal reaction with acids to release hydrogen gas and form the
positively charged metal ion, Al3+. i.e. aluminum is amphoteric
Al OCCURENCE
• Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the earth’s crust and the third most element
in the earth’s crust, after oxygen and silicon.
• It is too reactive to be found pure. Bauxite (mainly aluminum oxide) is the most
important ore.
• Isotopes: 15 whose half-lives are known, mass numbers 22 to 35. Of these, only two
occur naturally: 27Al, which is stable, and 26Al, which is radioactive with half-life is 7.17 x
105 years. 26Al is formed by cosmic-ray bombardment ofargon in Earth’s atmosphere.
Al SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
• Unlike some metals, aluminum has no aroma – hence its widespread use in food
packaging and cooking pots.
• Although not quite as good as silver or copper, aluminum is an excellent electrical

conductor. It is also considerably cheaper and lighter than these metals, so it is used
widely in overhead power lines.
• Nearly all modern mirrors are made using a thin reflective coating of aluminum on
the back surface of a sheet of float glass. Telescope mirrors are also coated with a
thin layer of aluminum.
Al SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
Ga PROPERTIES
Classification: Gallium is an ‘other metal’
Color: silvery-blue
State: solid
Boiling point: 2200 oC, 2473 K
Electrons: 31
Protons: 31
40
isotope:
Electron shells: 2,8,18,3
Electron configuration: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Source: "Gallium." Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 17 Oct. 2012. Web. 2/25/2019 <https://www.chemicool.com/elements/gallium.html>.
Ga PROPERTIES
• Solid gallium is brittle and is a poorer electrical conductor than lead.
• Gallium has the second largest liquid range of any element and is one of the few
metals that is liquid near room temperature (m.pt. 29.76 oC, 85.6 oF ), melting in the
hand. Gallium liquid clings to or wets glass and similar surfaces.
• Gallium also has the unusual property that (like water) it expands as it freezes.
• It is stable in air and water; but it reacts with and dissolves in acids and alkalis.
Ga OCCURENCE
• Gallium does not exist in pure form in nature, and gallium compounds are not a primary
source of extraction. Gallium is more abundant than lead but much less accessible
because it has not been selectively concentrated into minerals by any geological
process, so it tends to be widely dispersed. Several ores, such as the aluminum ore
bauxite, contain small amount of gallium, and coal may have a relatively high gallium
content.
• Commercially, most gallium is extracted as a byproduct of aluminum and zinc

production. Gallium is also extracted from the flue dusts of coal.
• Isotopes: Gallium has 24 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 61 to
84. Of these, two are stable: 69Ga and 71Ga with natural abundances of 60.1% and
39.9% respectively.
Ga SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
• Low melting gallium alloys are used in some medical thermometers as non-toxic
substitutes for mercury.
• Gallium arsenide is used in semiconductor production mainly for laser diodes, light-
emitting diodes and solar panels. It is also used to create brilliant mirrors. Analog
integrated circuits are the most common application for gallium, with optoelectronic
devices (mostly laser diodes and light-emitting diodes) as the second largest end use.
Gallium has semiconductor properties, especially as gallium arsendite (GaAs). This can
convert electricity to light and is used in light emitting diodes (LEDs) for electronic
display and watches.
Ga SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
Gallium arsenide,
In PROPERTIES
Classification: Indium is an ‘other metal’
Color: silvery-white
State: solid

Electrons: 49
Protons: 49
66
isotope:
Electron shells: 2,8,18,18,3
Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1
Source: "Indium." Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 09 Nov. 2012. Web. 2/23/20192/22/2019
<https://www.chemicool.com/elements/indium.html>.
In PROPERTIES
• Indium is a silvery-white shiny metal.
• Indium liquid clings to or wets glass and similar surfaces.
• One of the softest metals known, even softer than lead.
• Like gallium, indium remains in a liquid state over a wide range of temperatures.
• Unusual property of indium is that it produces “tin cry”. A tin cry is a scream-like sound
made when the metal is bent.
• Its main spectral lines are brilliant indigo blue.
• Indium metal dissolves in acids, but does not react with oxygen at room temperature. At
higher temperature, it combines with oxygen to form indium oxide (In 2 O3 ).
• Indium has a face-centered tetragonal structure. It is stable in water and air.

In OCCURENCE
• Indium does not occur in native state. It has no minerals or ores with a high
concentration of the element. Its abundance in the Earth’s crust is estimated to
be about 0.1 ppm, that makes it slightly more abundant than silver and mercury.
• Commercially, Indium is extracted as a by-product of zinc refining. It is also

extracted from iron, lead, and copper ores.
• Isotopes: 35 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers from 100 to
134. Of these, one is stable: 113In. Naturally occurring indium is a mixture of two
isotopes: 115In, with a half-life of 4.41 x 1014 years and an abundance of 95.7%
and 113In with an abundance of 4.3%.
In SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
• Indium is used in the production of low-melting alloys. This type of alloy can
be used as a non-toxic alternative to mercury in some applications.
• Compounds of indium are used in the semiconductor industry for germanium

transistors, thermistors, rectifiers and photocells.
• Indium can be coated on metals and evaporated onto glass, to form mirrors
equal to that made with silver but more corrosion resistant.
• Indium-tin oxide thin films are used for liquid crystal displays (LCDs).
In SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
SOLDER
Transparent Electrodes
Tl PROPERTIES
Thallium is an ‘other
Classification:
metal’
Color: silvery-gray
State: solid
Melting point: 304 oC, 577 K
Electrons: 81
Protons: 81
124
isotope:
Electron shells: 2,8,18,32,18,3
Electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Source: "Thallium." Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 24 Jul. 2015. Web. 2/24/20192/22/2019
<https://www.chemicool.com/elements/thallium.html>.
Tl PROPERTIES
• Thallium is a very soft, malleable, lustrous , low-melting, silvery metal that tarnishes in air to
the bluish-gray oxide.
• In appearance it resembles lead.
• The metal can easily be cut with an ordinary knife and will leave a mark on paper if rubbed
across.
• It usually exists in the monovalent state, Tl+, in its compounds.
• In the presence of water, the poisonous thallium hydroxide (TlOH) is formed.
• Thallium dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid and dilute sulfuric acid and dissolves rapidly in
nitric acid.
• It is a fairly active element that reacts with acids and oxygen in the air. When exposed to air, it
forms a thin coating of thallium oxide (Tl 2 O) that peels off easily.
• Its spectral lines are bright green.

Tl OCCURENCE
• Thallium is quite uncommon in the Earth's crust. Its abundance is estimated to be about
0.7 parts per million. It is about as common as iodine or tungsten.
• The most common minerals containing thallium are crookesite, lorandite, and
hutchinsonite.
• Thallium also occurs in manganese nodules on the ocean floor.
• Commercially, the metal is recovered as a by-product of sulfuric acid production as

thallium is also present in pyrites (iron sulfide).
• Thallium can also be obtained from the smelting of lead and zinc ores.
• Isotopes: Thallium has 31 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers from
179 to 210. Naturally occurring thallium is a mixture of its two stable isotopes, 203Tl
and 205Tl with natural abundances of 29.5% and 70.5% respectively.
Tl SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
• Thallium sulfate, which is odorless and colorless, was used as a rat poison and
as an insecticide. This use has been discontinued in some countries, including
the USA.
• Thallium sulfide is used in photocells because its electrical conductivity

increases on exposure to infrared light.
• Thallium oxide is used to make glass that has a high index of refraction.
• Thallium is also used in gamma radiation detection equipment.
Tl SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
Solar Panels
Nh PROPERTIES
Nihonium is an ‘other
Classification:
metal’ (presumed)
(286), no stable
Atomic weight:
isotopes
State: solid (presumed)
Melting point: Unknown
Boiling point: Unknown
Electrons: 113
Protons: 113
173
isotope:
Electron shells: 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3
Electron configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1
Source:"Nihonium." Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 11 Jun. 2016. Web. 2/23/2019 <https://www.chemicool.com/elements/ununtrium.html>.
Nh DISCOVERY
• Nihonium was discovered on August 12, 2012 by Kosuke Morita’s RIKEN

collaborative team in Japan. It was the first chemical element ever discovered in
Asia.
• The element is named after the place it was first synthesized; Nihon is one of two
ways to say Japan in Japanese.
Nh PROPERTIES
• Nihonium is a synthetic radioactive metal.
• It possesses properties similar to that of indium, boron, and aluminum and appears to be
much denser than thallium which also consists of similar properties of that of Nihonium.
• It is a synthetic element with an atomic number 113 and it is not found in the natural
environment.
• It is located within in a boron group and it is a part of a 7th period.
Nh OCCURENCE
• The element has been created using a cold fusion reaction between
a bismuth-209 target and zinc-70 ions.
• Ununtrium has no naturally occurring isotopes. They are usually

incorporated in laboratories.
• Six isotopes have been noted so far consisting of atomic mass 278 and 282
to 286. They are produced by integrating two atoms. Monohydride is one of
the simplest forms of a compound of Ununtrium.
• Isotopes: Nihonium has one isotope whose half-life is known, 278Nh.
Source:"Nihonium." Chemicool Periodic Table. Chemicool.com. 11 Jun. 2016. Web. 2/23/2019 https://www.chemicool.com/elements/ununtrium.html and
https://byjus.com/chemistry/nihonium/
Nh SYNTHESES AND APPLICATION
• Nihonium is of research interest only.

Group 3A

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Group 3A: BORON GROUP

Mary Rose Binamira

• At standard temperatures boron is a poor electrical conductor but is a good conductor at

• The largest boron deposits are in Turkey

• High-purity boron, required for use in semiconductors, can be made by decomposing

• The five major uses are:

• Boron is an essential nutrient for all green plants

• Boron is an indispensable element in NIB magnets (Neodymium – Iron – Boron).

• Boron is used to control nuclear reactions. It is an excellent neutron absorber.

Borosilicate glass is resistant to thermal

• Aluminum is a silvery-white metal.

• Although not quite as good as silver or copper, aluminum is an excellent electrical

• Solid gallium is brittle and is a poorer electrical conductor than lead.

• Commercially, most gallium is extracted as a byproduct of aluminum and zinc

Boiling point: 2070 oC, 2343 K

• Indium liquid clings to or wets glass and similar surfaces.

• One of the softest metals known, even softer than lead.

• Like gallium, indium remains in a liquid state over a wide range of temperatures.

• Its main spectral lines are brilliant indigo blue.

• Indium has a face-centered tetragonal structure. It is stable in water and air.

• Commercially, Indium is extracted as a by-product of zinc refining. It is also

• Compounds of indium are used in the semiconductor industry for germanium

• It usually exists in the monovalent state, Tl+, in its compounds.

• In the presence of water, the poisonous thallium hydroxide (TlOH) is formed.

• Its spectral lines are bright green.

• Thallium also occurs in manganese nodules on the ocean floor.

• Commercially, the metal is recovered as a by-product of sulfuric acid production as

• Thallium sulfide is used in photocells because its electrical conductivity

• Thallium is also used in gamma radiation detection equipment.

Electron configuration: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1

• Nihonium was discovered on August 12, 2012 by Kosuke Morita’s RIKEN

• It is located within in a boron group and it is a part of a 7th period.

• Ununtrium has no naturally occurring isotopes. They are usually

• Isotopes: Nihonium has one isotope whose half-life is known, 278Nh.

• Nihonium is of research interest only.

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