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Week 3 - Negara VS Pasar
Week 3 - Negara VS Pasar
Week 3 - Negara VS Pasar
Negara vs Pasar
Devita Prinanda, S.IP., M. Hub. Int.
The Classical and Neo Classical
Conception of Economy
Economic as the science of rational Economic as the universal social Model of competitive equilibrium
choice science
Opportunity cost Methodological individualism Demand and supply equal
Rational choice model Utilizing resource
Decision based on
• Price The role of government should be minimal
• Market consideration
• Other objective factors
Nature of Market
• Market
• The exchange of goods, service, & money
• Consumer & producer (Individual)
• Relatives prices
• Market opportunity
• External constraints
• Market Characteristic
• Changes in relative prices in the exchange of goods & services
• Competition as a determinant of individual & institutional behaviour
• The effect of efficiency in determining the survivability of economic actors
Equilibrium does not exist
Fritz Machlup There are policy and political bias
Equilibrium is too economic
DAVID RICARDO
5
Harmony of
Liberal political
interest among
philosophy
individual
MODERN
ECONOMY
Individual rights,
free market,
political democracy
1. Understanding state’s foreign policies from
realist perspectives (Morgenthau, Politics
Among Nations, 1967)
2. State as unit of analysis:
• Interest: national survival, economic
vitality and prosperity, preservation of a
society’s core values
• Objectives: specific goals
STATE • Threats: specific objectives state decide to
avoid or condition that potentially
escalating into a war
• Opportunities: condition that may
influence the formulation of foreign policy
• Capabilities: tangible and intangible
power
• Policies: decisions made by political elite
based on state’s acknowledgement
STATE & MARKET
(I)
Market
• Individual interest
• Integration and Interdependence between
demand and offer
• Price mechanism is far from national autonomy
• Trade, money, and investment are for social
integration
• The more productive the more profitable
State
• State budget
• Territorial, loyalty, exclusivity, monopoly, etc.
• The basis of autonomy, territory, and political
unity
• Trade, money, and investment are for national
interest and interest group.
• Control over economic growth and capital
accumulation
STATE & MARKET (II)
State Market State & Market
• Allocate & distribute • Allocate & distribute • Complicated system
power scarce resources of social organization
• The ability to control • Decentralized & • Dynamic interactions
the minds and individualistic • Influence each other
actions of others • To be powerful state
• Elections are all uses its power to
about the allocation support industry
& distribution of • All nations states
power create wealth
State & Market (III)
Kajian Ilmu
Ekonomi
Kajian Ilmu
Kajian Ilmu
Sosial
Politik
Lainnya
STATE & MARKET (IV)
POWER MARKET SOCIETY FEEDBACK
Political Economic Development and social
Social System welfare
System System
Growth
State and
Market Equal distribution
Government Social Structure Stability & instability
Mechanism Dependence
Power Monopoly
Increasing living standard
Interdependence
Public Policies Market Process Social Changes Substitution
Policy impact
Classical &
Political
Neo classical
Economy
economy
socio-political
Self-
Autonomy Law structures ↔
regulation
market
Type of Market
• Pasar Perdagangan
• Pasar internasional yang terdiri dari arus barang dan jasa yang melampaui batas-batas
nasional. Bekerjanya arus tersebut dipengaruhi oleh pertimbangan-pertimbangan ekonomi
dan politik.
• Pasar Modal
• Pasar modal internasional menyangkut arus investasi modal yang melampaui batas-batas
nasional. Dalam hal ini pembeli adalah penerima modal. Penjual adalah investor.
• Pasar Uang
• Pasar uang internasional merupakan konsekuensi dari dan regulator bagi pasar perdagangan
dan pasar modal. Pasar ini eksis karena tidak ada mata uang dunia yang seragam yang diatur
oleh lembaga internasional. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai, menjaga stabilitas mata uang.
PDB
Neraca Pendapatan
Social Indicators
16
Pendapatan Per Kapita
• Pendapatan rata-rata penduduk di suatu negara, yang diperoleh dari
hasil pembagian pendapatan nasional suatu negara dengan jumlah
penduduknya
• Digunakan sebagai tolak ukur kesejahteraan sebuah negara. Semakin
makmur, semakin besar pendapatan per kapita.
PDB/ GNP
Pendapatan Per Kapita =
Jumlah Penduduk
Pada umumnya pertumbuhan ekonomi mencatat
peningkatan produksi barang dan jasa atau produktifitas
nasional