ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS OF

CANOLI CANAL, KOZHIKODE AND NEARBY WELLS

 1.INTRODUCTION
 The Kozhikode district falls within latitudes 1108’ and 1142’ and longitudes 7531’48’’ and 7549’30’’ and is
situated along the southwest coast of India.

 The Canolly Canal, a manmade canal constructed in 1848, connects the Korapuzha River in the north and the
Kallai River in the south and flows through the Kozhikode Corporation in Kerala, India

 Conolly canal is 11.4 km long and the width ranges from 6 to 20 m. The water depth in the peak rain period
varies from 0.5 to 2m.
 The areas along the whole stretch of the canal are heavily urbanised except for the most northern part.

 There are a lot of industrial activities such as coir retting, log setting andother kinds of timber industries
around the southern end of the canal

 Most residential areas and several hospitals along the canal are letting out all their waste water into the canal
via ditches.

 In addition to the liquid waste, there are also considerable amounts of solid waste dumped into the Conolly
Canal, both domestic as well as industrial.
 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Bindhyamol and Harikumar (2013) analysed water from 11 locations within the canal and reported that the
southern stretch of the canal is more polluted than the northern stretch. The Canoli canal, which receives sewage
from different parts of Kozhikode Corporation, has been a focus of many studies intended to analyse the water
quality issues. Megha et al. (2015) studied the bacterial contamination of Conolly canal and observed that the
canal is contaminated with pathogenic organisms and the contamination had spread to nearby wells.

 The water bodies in the city are turning to permanent sinks and receptacles to urban waste water. Waste water is
indiscriminately discharged without treatment ,into sea ,canoli canal and water loged areas . Kottuli wetland is the
one of the national important wetland and is it lies adjacent to canoli canal . Around 70 drains and almost same
number of channels are carrying  flood water sea wage and discharge into the canal . It also enters a lot of
seawater during high tide from the Arabian sea through the joining rivers . All these conditions make canoli canal
into a water body that is in constant change regarding  water quality ,depth ,flow rate ,direction of flow and
salinity. ()
3.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To study the Physico-chemical and biological properties of Canoli Canal, Kozhikode, Kerala

 To investigate the ground water quality near by Canoli canal, Kozhikode, Kerala.

4.STUDY AREA
 Table.1. DETAILS OF SAMPLING SITES
SI.NO SAMPLE DESCRIPTIO LATITUDE LONGITUDE
CODE N
1 CN1 Mooriyad N11014.278’ E750 47.710’
2 CN3 Puthiyara N110 15.150’ E750 47.737’

3 CN6 Kalipoyka N110 15.565’ E750 47.382’

4 CN7 Sarovaram N110 16.064’ E750 47.505’

5 CN9 Karaparamba N110 17.282’ E750 46.896’

6 CNG1 Mooriyad N110 14.280’ E750 47.715’

7 CNG3 Puthiyara N110 15.512’ E750 47.597’

8 CNG9 Karaparamba N110 17.273’ E750 46.903’

5.MATERIALS AND METHOD
5.1. Survey
The questionnaire was taken to the near by householders to collect the data.
Each question was asked individually to ensure correctness and active participation from each
location
5.2. Analysis of Physico-chemical parameters
5.2.1.Dissolved oxygen
For dissolved oxygen “Winkler's method with azide modification” is being followed (APHA, 2012)
5.2.2. Chlorides
For the determination of Chlorides “Argentometric method” is being applied (APHA, 2012)
5.2.3 Phosphates
For the estimation of phosphates “Stannous chloride method” is being applied (APHA, 2012)
5.2.4.Sulfates
Determination of sulphates is being done by “Turbidimetric method” (APHA, 2012)
5.2.5.Total alkalinity
Total alkalinity of the sample is being determined by standard titrimetric method. Phenolphthalein
alkalinity and methyl orange alkalinity (APHA, 2012)

All the remaining parameters are also analyzed in accordance with APHA, 2012.
 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table.2. Physicochemical parameters of Canoli canal,Kozhikode
 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1. pH

 pH is a measure of the acidic or basic (alkaline) nature of

a solution.
 pH range of 6.0 to 9.0 appears to provide protection for the life of fresh water fish and bottom dwelling
invertebrates.
6.2.Temperature
 Water temperature regulates the metabolism of the aquatic
ecosystem.
 High water temperature stress aquatic ecosystem by
reducing the ability of water to hold essential dissolved gases like oxygen often summer head can cause fish kills in
water bodies because high temperature reduce available oxygen in the water
6.3.Dissolved Oxygen
 Dissolved oxygen analysis measures the amount of gaseous oxygen (O2) dissolved in an aqueous solution.
 Oxygen gets into water by diffusion from the surrounding air, by aeration (rapid movement) and as a waste
product of photosynthesis.
 Adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for good water quality
 6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.4.Nitrate
 Excess concentration of nitrate causes disease.
 When hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin, the heme iron becomes (Fe3+) and is incapable of binding
oxygen.
6.5.Hardness
 It is defined as the sum of calcium and magnesium concentrations and is a measure of the capacity of water to
precipitate soap
6.6.Alkalinity
 Alkalinity is primarily due to carbonate, bicarbonate and hydroxide contents. It is used in the interpretations and
control of water and waste water processes.
6.7. Chlorides
 Chlorides may get into surface water from several sources including: rocks contain chlorides, agricultural run-
off, waste water from industries, oil well wastes, and effluent waste water from waste water treatment plants.
 Chlorides can contaminate fresh water streams and lakes.
 Fish and aquatic communities cannot survive in high level of chlorides.
6.8 BOD
 Higher BOD will result in suffocation and death of aquatic organisms.
CPCB Classification of surface water for various uses.
Ground water
 Microbiological Analysis
Sample Code TC Faecal E.coli
Count(MPN/100 Count(MPN/100ml Presence
ml)

CN1 >2400 >2400 +ve

CN3 >2400 >2400 +ve
CN6 240 Absent +ve
CN7 1200 1200 +ve
CN9 >2400 >2400 +ve
CNG1 240 240 +ve
CNG3 120 120 +ve
CNG9 210 210 +ve
 5. CONCLUSION
Salient findings of the study

 Surface water
Electrical conductivity values were obtained between 161.6 and 38350 (micro seimen). The highest EC value
was reported at Mooriyad.
The maximum value for nitrate was obtained at Sarovaram (0.86 mg/l), which is a station with rich biodiversity.
The chloride content of studied water samples was higher at Mooriyad (11920 mg/l)
A maximum value of 8229 mg/l sodium was observed at Mooriyad.
The BOD level in the Cannoly water fluctuated between 2.6 mg/l (Kalipoika) to 63 mg/l (Karaparamba)

Ground water
TDS value varied from 56.52 (Puthiyara) to 244.3 mg/l (Karaparamba)
A maximum value of hardness was observed at Mooriyad (224 mg/l)
Sulfate value varied from 4.88 (Mooriyad) to 12.9 mg/l(Karaparamba)
The results of bacterial analysis indicate that 100% of the samples were bacteriologically contaminated.
From the study, chloride was identified as the major anion followed by sulfate.
 6. RECOMMENDATION

Larger water pollution levelbindicates the serious  pollution in the canoli canal.
The study recommend  that effluents discharging into the canoli canal should be treated
properly and the canal shall be properly maintained periodically
 There should be proper treatment of domestic sewage before discharged into the
waterbody
 Implementation of stringent laws to minimise waste disposal to the canal
 Conduct awareness programs

 Aware the public regarding the importance of conservation of water sources.

 Promotion of Inland fishery and water ways
Thank
you
:)