AIRPORT

ENGINEERING
Stephane Huerta
Julius Alfred Agapito
Neil Vincent Lucena
Matt Justin Gavina
Jannenne Jade Agrimor
Kristeen Juan
Lea Rishelle Bernardo
INTRODUCTION
 AIRPORT
ENGINEERING
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES FOR AIRPORT
ENGINEERING INCLUDES

Landing Maintenance and repairs of

areas

Access roads from the city side to

Take off
airport

Movement of aircraft on Handling of passengers, baggage

the ground and freight

Parking of aeroplanes on
loading aprons
FUNCTIONS
OF AIRPORT
OPERATIONAL SERVICES

TRAFFIC HANDLING SERVICES

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES
OPERATIONAL SERVICES
Text
Easy to change
colors, photos
and Text.
Includes the proper
maintenance of
terminals, runways,
hangers, and security,
fire and ambulance
services
TRAFFIC HANDLING SERVICES

Includes the loading and

unloading of the baggage of the
customers, delivery of baggage
through conveyor belts and
providing different facilities, to
the customers. In our country,
these services are provided by
the airport authorities.
 COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES
Include commercial
outlets for products and
services.
Apart from major fast food
chains, some airport
restaurants offer regional
cuisine specialties for those
in transits so that they may
sample local food or culture
without leaving the airport.
Apart from all these there are
certain other agencies like the
Customs, Security, Emigration
department, etc. which are
very much present at the
airport but are not a part of
the airport management.
In various countries,
airports are owned by
government, there are also
countries where airports
are owned by public/
private companies.
CLASSES OF
AIRPORT

 CLASS I AIRPORTS (Commercial Service Airports)

 CLASS II AIRPORTS (Cargo Service Airports)
 CLASS III AIRPORTS (Reliever Airports)
 CLASS IV AIRPORTS (General Aviation Airports)
 CLASS V AIRPORTS (Military Airports)
 CLASS VI AIRPORTS (Joint-use Airports)
 CLASS I AIRPORTS
(Commercial Service Airports)

 publicly owned airports that have at least 2,500

passenger boardings each calendar year and receive
scheduled passenger service.
passengers who
continue on an aircraft
in international flight
that stops at an
airport in any of the
50 States for a non-
traffic purpose, such
as refueling or aircraft
maintenance rather
than passenger
activity.
 CLASS I AIRPORTS
(Commercial Service Airports)

Non Primary Primary Commercial

Commercial Service
Service Airports Airports

- are Commercial Servi - are Commercial Serv

ce
Airports that have at le
ast
2,500 and no more than
10,000 passenger board
ings each year.
ice
Airports that have mor
e
than 10,000 passenger
boardings each year.
 CLASS II AIRPORTS
(Cargo Service Airports)

 are airports that, in addition to any other air transportation

services that may be available, are served by aircraft providing
air transportation of only cargo with a total annual landed weight
of more than 100 million pounds. “Landed weight" means the
weight of aircraft transporting only cargo in intrastate, interstate,
and foreign air transportation. An airport may be both a
commercial service and a cargo service airport.
 CLASS III AIRPORTS
(Reliever Airports)

is an airport that is built or

designated to provide relief or
additional capacity to an area when
the primary commercial airport(s)
reach capacity.
 CLASS IV AIRPORTS
(General Aviation Airports)

are public-use airports that do not have

scheduled service or have less than
2,500 annual passenger boardings
 CLASS V AIRPORTS
(Military Airports)

is an aerodrome used as a military

base by a military force for the
operation of military aircraft.
 CLASS VI AIRPORTS
(Joint-use Airports)

an aerodrome that is used for

both military aviation and civil
aviation. They typically contain
facilities of both a civil airport and
a military air base.
Parts of an Airport

• Runway
• Taxiway
• Apron
• Terminal Building
• Control Tower
• Hanger
• Parking
Parts of an Airport
Runway - is a paved land strip on
which landing and takeoff operations
of aircrafts takes place. It is in leveled
position without any obstructions on it.
Special markings are made on
the runway to differ it from the normal
roadways. Similarly, after sunset,
specially provided lightings are helped
the aircrafts for safe landing.
Runway can be laid using
bitumen or concrete. Bitumen is
economic but concrete runways have
long span and requires less
maintenance cost.
Different Types of Runway
• Single runway - the most common form. It is
enough for light traffic airports or for occasional
usages. This runway is laid in the direction of
wind in that particular area.
• Two runway - contains two runway which are
laid in different directions by considering cross
winds or wind conditions in that particular area.
The runways may be laid in the form of L shape
or T shape or X shape.
• Hexagonal runway - the modern pattern of
system of runway laying. In which the takeoff
and landing movements of aircrafts can be
permitted at any given time without any
interference. This is most suitable for heavy
traffic airports or busiest airports.
Different Types of Runway

• 45 degree runway - opted when the wind coverage for

same airfield capacity is greater. This is also termed as four-
way runway.
• 60 degree runway - When the wind in that area is prevailing
in many directions, so, it is difficult to decide the direction in
which runway is to be laid. In that case, 60-degree runway is
opted which looks like triangular arrangement of runways.
• 60 degree parallel runway - if the air traffic is more, then it
is difficult to control the operations. Hence, another runway is
required parallel to the using one. For that purpose, 60-
degree parallel runway is suitable.
Parts of an Airport
Taxiway - is path which
connects each end of the
runway with terminal area,
apron, hanger etc. These are
laid with asphalt or concrete
like runways.
In modern airports, taxiways
are laid at an angle of 30
degree to the runway so that
aircrafts can use it to change
from one runway to other
easily. The turning radius at
taxiway and runway meets
should be more than 1.5 times
of width of taxiway.
Parts of an Airport
Apron - is a place which is used
as parking place for aircrafts. It
is also used for loading and
unloading of aircrafts. Apron is
generally paved and is located
in front of terminal building or
adjacent to hangers. The size of
area to be allotted for apron and
design of apron is generally
governed by the number of
aircrafts expected in the airport.
The aircraft characteristics also
considered while design.
Parts of an Airport

Terminal Building - is a
place where airport
administration facilities
takes place. In this building,
pre-journey and post
journey checking’s of
passengers takes place.
Lounges, cafes etc. are
provided for the
passengers. Passengers
can directly enter the plane
from terminal buildings
through sky bridge,
walkways etc.
Parts of an Airport
Control Tower - is a place where
aircrafts under a particular zone is
controlled whether they are in land or
in air. The observation is done by the
controller through radars and
information is carried through radio.
The controller from the control tower
observes all the aircrafts with in that
zone and informs pilots about their
airport traffic, landing routes, visibility,
wind speeds, runway details, etc.
based on which the pilot decides and
attempts safe landing. So, control
tower is like nerve system of an
airport.
Parts of an Airport
Hangar - is a place where
repairing and servicing of
aircrafts is done. Taxiway
connects the hanger with
runway so, when a repair
needed for an aircraft it can be
moved to hanger easily. It is
constructed in the form of large
shed using steel trusses and
frames. Large area should be
provided for Hanger for
comfortable movement of
aircrafts.
Parts of an Airport

Parking - is a place
provided for parking the
vehicles of airport staff or
passengers which is
outside the terminal
building or sometimes
under the ground of
terminal building.
Airport Planning
The location of an airport will be influenced by
the following factors 
•Type of development of the surrounding area
•Atmospheric conditions
•Accessibility to ground transport
•Availability of land for expansion
•Presence of other airports in the general area
•Surrounding obstructions
•Economy of construction
•Availability of utilities
•Proximity to aeronautical demand
•Environmental considerations
Airport Planning

Type of Development of the

Surrounding Area
• This is an extremely important factor, since the activity of
airport, particularly from the standpoint of noise is often
quite objectionable to the airport’s neighbors.
• Sites which offer the closest compatibility with airport
activities should be given priority.
• Proximity to residential areas and schools should be
avoided whenever possible.
• Noise is an extremely important factor where jet aircraft
operations are anticipated.
Airport Planning

Atmospheric Conditions
• The presence of fog, haze, and
smoke reduces visibility and
thereby has the effect of
lowering the traffic capacity of
the airport since the capacity
when the visibility is poor is less
that that when the visibility is
good.
Airport Planning

Accessibility to Ground Transport

• Transport time from the passenger’s point
of origin to the airport is a matter of major
concern. In many cases the ground time
exceeds the air time by a considerable
margin.
Airport Planning

Availability of Land for Expansion

• Historically as the size of aircraft and the

volume of traffic increased, runways have
had to be lengthened, terminal facilities
expanded and additional support facilities
provided. Sufficient real estate must be
available to accommodate new facilities.
Airport Planning
Presence Of Other Airport In The General Area

• Presence of other airports in the general area must

be given consideration when a site for new airport is
being selected or when additional runways are
provided at an existing airport.
• Airports should be located at a sufficient distance
from each other to prevent aircraft which are
maneuvering for a landing at one airport from
interfering with movements of aircraft at other
airport.
• The minimum distance between airports depends
entirely on the volume and the type of traffic and
whether the airports are equipped to operate under
poor visibility conditions (IFR).
Airport Planning

Surrounding Obstructions
• Site for airports should be so selected that
approaches necessary for the ultimate
development of the site are free of
obstructions or can be cleared if obstructions
exist.
• The provisions and protection of adequate
approach to an airport will necessitate height
restrictions in the airport turning zones and in
line with the runways.
• The purchase of real estate necessary to
protect approached obviously is not
economically feasible; hence zoning for
height restrictions should be initiated as soon
as a site has been selected.
Airport Planning

Economy of Construction
• It goes without saying that if alternative
site are available and they are equally
adequate, the site which is more
economical to construct should be given
consideration. Sites lying on submerged
lands are much more costly to develop
than those on dry land.
Airport Planning

Availability of Utilities
• An airport, particularly a large one requires large
quantity of water, natural gas or oils, electric powers
and fuel for aircraft and surface vehicles.
• In selections of an airport site, the provision for these
utilities must be given considerations. Most of these
utilities will have to be transported to the airport by
truck, rail, sea, or pipeline.
• Another factor which must be considered is the
disposal of sewage. On a new site which is not near
available sewers a disposal plant may have to be
constructed. In the case of electric power, most large
airports must provide generating plants of their own to
be emergency in the event a commercial source fails.
Airport Planning

Proximity to Aeronautical Demand

• In the selection of a new airport’s site, it is
quite important that the location be such
as to result in the shortest ground access
time possible. The airline traveler is more
interested in his overall door-to-door time
than just the portion in the airs. The
capability of airport to accommodate
demand, distribution of demand and
airspace limitations indicates a runway
aeronautical efficiency.
Airport Planning

Environmental Consideration

• It involves;
– Significant noise impact of aircraft over-flights
of residential areas.
– Longer distance vehicular engine exhausts
– Dwelling requiring relocation
– Acres removed from grazing
 ELEMENTS OF
AIRPORT LIGHTINGS

• Airport Beacon
• Approach Lighting
• Apron and Hangar Lighting
• Boundary Lighting
• Lighting of Landing Direction Indicator
• Lighting of Wind Direction Indicator
• Runway Lighting
• Taxiway Lighting
• Threshold Lighting
 Elements of Airport Lightings

• Help a pilot identify an Airport Beacon

airport at night. The
beacon typically rotates at
a constant speed, which
produces the visual effect
of colored flashes at
regular intervals. The
combination of light colors
from an airport beacon
indicates the type of
airport.
 Elements of Airport Lightings

Combination of Airport Beacon

 Elements of Airport Lightings

• Before runway begins- Approach Lighting

sequence of high-intensity
lighting arrangement for a
length of 900m.
• Gives way to touchdown zone
lights from threshold of the
runway.
• Normally mounted on
pedestals-varying heights to
accommodate any
irregularities in ground
ensuring the light themselves
are in level.
Elements of Airport Lightings
Approach Lighting
 Elements of Airport Lightings

• These areas for are flood Apron and Hangar Lighting

lit for the convenience in
servicing and loading.
• Flood-lighting system:
constitutes a projector
designed to be arranged
to illuminate a surface
• Flood lights are placed at
a height of not less than
12m above the pavement.
 Elements of Airport Lightings
Apron and Hangar Lighting
 Elements of Airport Lightings

• The wind direction indicators

Lighting of Wind
is illuminated by four 200 Direction Indicator
watts angle reflectors paced
1.8m above the top of the
cone to provide a continuous
lighting at any positions of
the cone.
• This arrangement grants the
use of wind direction
indicator at night and during
bad weathers.
 Elements of Airport Lightings

• After crossing the threshold, the Runway Lighting

pilot must complete a touchdown
and roll out on the runway.
• The planning of runway lighting
is carried out in such a way that
the pilot gets enough information
on alignment, lateral
displacement, roll and distance.
• The lights are so arranged so
that they form a visual pattern
which the pilot can interpret
easily.
 Elements of Airport Lightings
Runaway Lighting
 Elements of Airport Lightings
• Identification of Threshold Lighting
threshold-a major factor
for decision of the pilot
to land or not to land.
• The threshold lights in
the direction if landing
are green and in the
opposite direction, they
are red to indicate the
end of the runway.