Roscas, Sujetadores & Resortes

THREADS,
FASTENERS,
AND SPRINGS
C H A P T E R T W E LV E
OBJECTIVES
1. Define and label the parts of a screw thread.
2. Identify various screw thread forms.
3. Draw detailed, schematic, and simplified threads.
4. Define typical thread specifications.
5. Identify various fasteners and describe their use.
6. Draw various screw head types.
7. Draw springs.
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e © 2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,
Giesecke, Hill, Spencer, Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart, Goodman Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. • All Rights Reserved.
UNDERSTANDING THREADS
AND FASTENERS
The three basic applications of Screw threads are as follows:

1. To hold parts together…
2. To provide for adjustment between parts…
3. To transmit power…
Thread Used for Attachment.

(Courtesy of Arthur S.
Aubry/Getty
Images, Inc.-Photodisc.)
Screw Thread Terms
Study Page 455 of your textbook for all thread and fastener terms
Screw Thread Nomenclature
Screw Thread Forms
Thread Pitch
The pitch of any
thread form is the
distance
parallel to the
axis between
corresponding
points on
adjacent
threads.
The pitch or the number
of threads per inch can
be measured with a
scale or
with a thread pitch
gage.
Thread Series
The thread series is the detail of the shape and number of threads per inch
composing different groups of fasteners.
Five series of threads were used in the old ANSI standards:
Coarse thread
Fine thread
8-pitch thread
12-pitch thread
16-pitch thread
Right-Hand and Left-Hand
Threads
Aright-hand thread is one that advances into a nut when turned
clockwise, and a left-hand thread is one that advances into a nut
when turned counterclockwise.
Single and Multiple Threads
A single thread, as the name
implies, is composed of one ridge,
and the lead is therefore equal to
the pitch.
Multiple threads are used

wherever quick motion, but not
great power, is desired, as on
ballpoint pens, toothpaste
caps, valve stems, and so on.
and
Metric and Unified Thread Fits
For general use, three classes of fits between mating threads (as
between bolt and nut) have been established by ANSI. These fits are
produced by the application of tolerances listed in the standard and
are as follows:
• Class 1 fit
• Class 2 fit
•There
Class 3 fit two general classes of metric thread fits:
are
• 6H for internal threads
• 6g for external threads
Three Methods for Drawing
Thread
1. Detailed
2. Schematic
3. Simplified
THREAD NOTES
ASME/ANSI Y14.6, Screw Thread Representation, is a standard
for representing, specifying, and dimensioning screw threads
on drawings
EXTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS
With Simplified representations, threaded portions are
indicated by
hidden lines parallel to the axis at the approximate depth of the
thread, whether
Schematic the cylinder
threads appears
are indicated byrectangular
alternating or circular.
long and
short lines.
INTERNAL THREAD SYMBOLS
The only differences between the schematic and simplified
internal thread symbols occur in the sectional views.
In the case of blind tapped holes, the drill depth normally is drawn at
least three schematic pitches beyond the thread length
DETAILED REPRESENTATION:
METRIC, UNIFIED, AND AMERICAN NATIONAL THREADS
The detailed representation for metric, unified, and American

national threads is the same, since the flats are disregarded.
Notice that for right-

hand threads the lines
slope upward to the
right
Notice that for left-

hand threads the lines
slope upward to the
left
DETAILED REPRESENTATION
(External and Internal Square
Thread):
Sometimes in assemblies the root

and crest lines may be omitted from
the nut only portion of the drawing so
that it is easier to identify the
inserted screw.
Threads in PHANTOM and
Assemblies
Use phantom lines to save time when representing identical
Features Threaded shafts and springs may be shortened without
using conventional breaks but must be correctly dimensioned.
When external and internal

threads are sectioned in
assembly, the V’s are required
to show the threaded connection.
AMERICAN NATIONAL
STANDARD PIPE THREADS
The tapered profile of the pipe thread…
American National Standard Taper Pipe Thread. (Reprinted from ASME B1.20.1-
1983 (R1992), by permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights
reserved.)
BOLTS, STUDS, AND SCREWS
The term bolt is generally used to denote a “through bolt” that
has a head on one end, is passed through clearance holes in two
or more aligned parts, and is threaded on the other end to receive
a nut to tighten and hold the parts together.
Screw Heads
A machine screw is similar to a slotted head cap

Do not section bolts, nuts, screws,
screw but usually smaller. A set screw is a screw,
and similar parts when drawn in
with or without a head, that is screwed through assembly because they do not
one member and whose special point is forced have interior detail that needs to be
against another member to prevent motion shown.
between the two parts.
TAPPED HOLES
When an ordinary drill is used to make holes that will be tapped, it is
referred to as a tap drill. When drawing the drill point, use an angle of 30° to
approximate the actual 31° slope of the drill bit. The thread length is the
length of full or perfect threads. The tap drill depth does not include the
cone point of the drill.
DRAWING STANDARD BOLTS
Bolt Proportions (Regular)
Locknuts and Locking Devices
Many types of special nuts and devices to prevent nuts
from unscrewing are available, and some of the most
common are
Shown below.
STANDARD CAP SCREWS
Cap screws are normally finished and are used on machine
tools and other machines when accuracy and appearance are
important.
STANDARD MACHINE SCREWS
Machine screws are similar to cap screws but are usually
smaller (.060" to .750" diameter) and the threads generally go
all the way to the head.
Clearance holes and counterbores

should
be made slightly larger than the
screws.
Typical machine screw notes are…
STANDARD SET SCREWS
A set screw is screwed into one part so that its point bears firmly against
another part. If
the point of the set screw is cupped, or if a flat is milled on the shaft, the
screw will hold much more firmly.
Set Screws. (Courtesy of Penninsula

Components Inc.)
Set screws are specified

as follows…
AMERICAN NATIONAL
STANDARD WOOD SCREWS
Wood screws with three types of heads—

flat, round, and oval—have been
standardized.
(Courtesy of Michael
Newman/
PhotoEdit Inc.)
Miscellaneous Bolts and
Screws
KEYS
Keys are used to prevent movement between shafts and
wheels, couplings, cranks, and similar machine parts attached
to or supported by shafts.
Typical specifications for keys

are…
MACHINE PINS and RIVETS
Machine pins include taper pins, straight pins, dowel pins, clevis
pins, and cotter pins. For light work, taper pins can be used to
fasten hubs or collars to shafts.
Taper Pin
Note that the rectangular view of

each rivet shows the shank of the
rivet with both heads made with
circular arcs, and the circular view of
each rivet is represented by only the
outside circle of the head.
Rivet Symbols
Because many engineering structures are too large to be built in the shop, they are built
in the largest units possible and then are transported to the desired location. Trusses
are common examples. The
rivets driven in the shop are called shop rivets, and those driven on the job are called
field rivets.
SPRINGS
A spring is a mechanical device designed to store energy when deflected and to return the
equivalent amount o f energy when released, ANSI Y14.13M. Springs are commonly made of
spring steel, which may be musicwire, hard-drawn wire, or oil-tempered wire. Other
materials used for compression springs include stainless steel, beryllium copper, and
phosphor bronze. Urethane plastic is used in applications where conventional springs would
be affected by corrosion, vibration, or acoustic or magnetic
forces. Steps in Detailed Representation of Spring
Springs. Norton, Robert L.,

Machine Design: An Integrated
Approach, 3rd, © 2006. Printed
and electronically reproduced by
permission of Pearson
Education, Inc., Upper Saddle
Technical Drawing with Engineering Graphics, 14/e River, New Jersey.) © 2012, 2009, 2003, Pearson Higher Education,

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THREADS,

2. Identify various screw thread forms.

3. Draw detailed, schematic, and simplified threads.

4. Define typical thread specifications.

5. Identify various fasteners and describe their use.

6. Draw various screw head types.

The three basic applications of Screw threads are as follows:

2. To provide for adjustment between parts…

Thread Used for Attachment.

Screw Thread Nomenclature

Five series of threads were used in the old ANSI standards:

Multiple threads are used

• 6g for external threads

The detailed representation for metric, unified, and American

Notice that for right-

Notice that for left-

Sometimes in assemblies the root

When external and internal

A machine screw is similar to a slotted head cap

Clearance holes and counterbores

Set Screws. (Courtesy of Penninsula

Set screws are specified

Wood screws with three types of heads—

Typical specifications for keys

Note that the rectangular view of

Springs. Norton, Robert L.,

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