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Unit I
Unit I
Openess
• Open distributed system must be flexible making it easy to configure and
add new components without affecting existing components.
• An open distributed system must also be extensible.
Perfomance
• Compared to other models, distributed models are expected to give a much-
wanted boost to performance.
Scalability
• Distributed systems should be scalable with respect to administration or
size.
Parallel Computing Architecture
Bit-level Parallelism
Bit-level Parallelism:
• Increasing the word size reduces the number of instructions
• Ex: 8-bit processor must add two 16-bit integers
Instruction level parallelism:
• How many of the instructions in a computer program can be executed simultaneously.
There are two approaches to instruction level parallelism: Hardware. Software.
Data level parallelism:
• It focuses on distributing the data across different nodes
Task level parallelism:
• Focuses on distributing tasks
Computer System Architecture
Instruction Processing
Vector Processing
called Vectors.
Example,
• A, B and C are three vectors containing 64 numbers each.
• The three vectors are mapped to vector registers V1,V2 and V3
• ADDV V1,V2,V3
Vector processing was developed to increase processing performance by
operating in a multitasking manner.
• Matrix operations were added to computers to allow a single instruction to
manipulate two arrays of numbers performing arithmetic operations.
Advantages: Less memory access = faster processing time
Disadvantages: Increased code complexity, High Price of On-Chip vector
memory system
Symmetric Multi Processing
• MPP System is very better than SMP system to scale the MPP system
more number of computers could be added.
Cloud Definition
1. Cost
• Cloud computing eliminates the capital expense of buying hardware and software
and setting up and running on-site datacenters—the racks of servers, the round-
the-clock electricity for power and cooling.
2. Speed
• Most cloud computing services are provided self service and on demand, so even
vast amounts of computing resources can be provisioned in minutes, typically with
just a few mouse clicks, giving businesses a lot of flexibility and taking the pressure
off capacity planning.
Benefits of Cloud Computing…Contd..
3. Productivity
• On-site datacenters typically require a lot of hardware set up, software patching and other
time-consuming IT management chores. Cloud computing removes the need for many of
these tasks, so IT teams can spend time on achieving more important business goals.
4. Performance
• The biggest cloud computing services run on a worldwide network of secure datacenters,
which are regularly upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient computing
hardware. This offers several benefits over a single corporate datacenter, including reduced
network latency for applications and greater economies of scale.
Benefits of Cloud Computing…Contd..
6. Reliability
These are sometimes called the cloud computing stack, because they build on top of one another
Types of Cloud Services..Contd…
Infrastructure-as-a-service(IaaS)
• The most basic category of cloud computing services. With IaaS, you
rent IT infrastructure—servers and virtual machines (VMs), storage,
networks, operating systems—from a cloud provider on a pay-as-you-
go basis.
Platform-as-a-service(PaaS)
• Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) refers to cloud computing services that
supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing, delivering
and managing software applications. PaaS is designed to make it
easier for developers to quickly create web or mobile apps, without
worrying about setting up or managing the underlying infrastructure
of servers, storage, network and databases needed for development.
Types of Cloud Services..Contd…
Software-as-a-service(SaaS)
Internet, on demand and typically on a subscription basis. With SaaS, cloud providers
host and manage the software application and underlying infrastructure and handle
any maintenance, like software upgrades and security patching. Users connect to the
application over the Internet, usually with a web browser on their phone, tablet or PC.
Difference Between Cloud and Grid Computing
Cloud Computing Grid Computing
Cloud computing takes place over the internet. It comprises of a Grid computing is also a kind of network
Definitions collection of integrated and networked hardware, software and system distributed resources including
internet infrastructures. computers, peripherals, switches and data.
Resource Sharing
Reduced Investments and Costs
Goals Uniform, and reliable access to data,
Increased Scalability storage capacity and computation
power
Public Clouds
Distributed Computing Systems
Private Clouds
Types Distributed Information Systems
Community Clouds
Distributed Pervasive Systems
Hybrid Clouds
It saves a lot of time
Cloud computing is cost efficient
Resource saving is achieved
Fast backup and Data Restoration
Cost saving also occurs due to the Grid
Advantages Automatic Software Updates
computing systems
Nearly unlimited Storage
Space is also saved
Very easy access to services
Reliable
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Cloud Computing Grid Computing
Network access Can also be accessed through internet. Usually within a corporate network.
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Limitations of Cloud Computing:
1) Downtime
This may be one of the worst disadvantages of cloud computing. No cloud provider, even the very best, would claim
immunity to service outages. Cloud computing systems are internet based, which means your access is fully
Any discussion involving data must address security and privacy, especially when it comes to managing
sensitive data. what happened to it after its AWS EC2 console was hacked and its data eventually deleted,
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3) Vulnerability to attack
In cloud computing, every component is potentially accessible from the Internet. Of course, nothing
connected to the Internet is perfectly secure and even the best teams suffer severe attacks and security
breeches. But since cloud computing is built as a public service and it’s easy to run before you learn to
walk. No one at AWS checks your administration skills before granting you an account: all it takes to get
started is a valid credit card.
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Legal issues of Cloud Computing
1. Data Location
• Organizations need to know where the data they’re responsible for – both personal customer data
• When a cloud service goes down, users lose access to their data and therefore may be unable to
provide services to their customers. When is a cloud user compensated for the loss of service, and
to what extent? Users need to examine how cloud computing contracts account for cloud outages
Legal issues of Cloud Computing..Contd..
6. Audit Trail
• As data is on continuous move and flow in the cloud services, client
should have the right to know where and by whom its data is stored,
accessed, transferred and altered.
• Confirm whether the vendor provides the audit trail rights or not.
7. Exit Issues
• In case of exit can the records be successfully accessed?
• Can data be extracted from the cloud?
• Obligations of each party in case of exit
Key characteristics of Cloud Computing
Key characteristics of Cloud Computing..Contd..
Resource Pooling
Many different customers (individuals, organizations or different
departments within an organization) all use the same servers, storage
or other computing resources.
Key characteristics of Cloud Computing..Contd..
Cost
• Cloud computing itself is affordable, but tuning the platform
according to the company’s needs can be expensive.
• the expense of transferring the data to public clouds can prove to be a
problem for short-lived and small-scale projects.
• Companies can save some money on system maintenance,
management, and acquisitions. But they also have to invest in
additional bandwidth, and the absence of routine control in an
infinitely scalable computing platform can increase costs.
Challenges for the Cloud..Contd..
Response
Service Service
Provider Consumer
• Request
1.Search Serv.
Direct Register
Service ory
Consum Servic
er 2. Invokes e
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
Advantages
• Service Reusability
• Easy Maintenance
• Platform Independent
• Reliability
• Scalability
Service Oriented Architecture-Cloud Computing
Grid Computing
• Distributed computing in which a group of computers from multiple
locations are connected with each other.
• Computer resources can be heterogeneous and can be located
anywhere.
• Atleast one computer in a group works as a server.
Utility Computing
• Pay per use model
• Resources are allowed to use on demand as internet service.
Assignment Questions – Unit 1