CHAPTER 3

Reference: Mathematical Excursions

By: Richard N. Aufmann
Joanne S. Lockwood
Richard D. Nation
Daniel K. Clegg
 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
• Inductive and deductive reasoning are two fundamental
forms of reasoning for mathematicians.

• Inductive reasoning involves looking for patterns and

making generalizations.
• An example of inductive reasoning is, for example, when
you notice that all the dogs you see around you are black
and white so you make the conclusion that all dogs in the
world are black and white.
Can you say for certain that this conclusion is correct?
 Inductive Reasoning
• The type of reasoning that forms a conclusion based on
the examination of specific examples is called inductive
reasoning.

• The conclusion formed by using inductive reasoning is

often called a conjecture, since it may or may not be
correct.
 Inductive Reasoning
• Illustrative Examples:
• Consider the following procedure:  
a. Pick a number.
b. Multiply the number by 8,
c. Add 6 to the product
d. Divide the sum by 2, and
e. Subtract 3.

Complete the procedure then come up with a conjecture.

 Inductive Reasoning
• Inductive reasoning is the process of reaching a general conclusion by examining
specific examples.
Example 1:Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the
following lists.
a. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ? Each successive number is 3 larger than the preceding
number. Thus we predict that the next number in the list is
3 larger than 15, which is 18.
b. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ?
The first two numbers differ by 2. The second and the
third numbers differ by 3. It appears that the difference
between any two numbers is always 1 more than the
preceding difference. Since 10 and 15 differ by 5, we
predict that the next number in the list will be 6 larger
than 15, which is 21.
 Deductive Reasoning
• Deductive reasoning is the process of reaching a
conclusion by applying general principles and procedures.
• Deductive reasoning involves making a logical argument,
drawing conclusions, and applying generalizations to
specific situations.
For example, once students have developed an
understanding of "triangle," they apply that generalization
to new figures to decide whether or not each is a triangle.
The conclusions reached by this type of reasoning are valid
and can be relied on.
• Illustrative Examples:
1. If a number is divisible by 2, then it must be even. 12 is
divisible by 2. Therefore, 12 is an even number.

2. All Mathematics teachers know how to play Sudoku.

Resty is a Math teacher. Therefore, Resty knows how to play
Sudoku.
 Logic Puzzles
• Logic Puzzles can be solved by deductive reasoning. A
chart that enables us to display the given information in a
visual manner helps in the solution.
• Illustrative Examples:
• Each of four neighbors, Mark, Zen, Linda, and Roy,
has a different occupation (teacher, banker, chef, or
broker).
• From the following clues, determine the occupation of
each neighbor.
 CLUES

1. Zen gets home from work after the banker but before the
broker.
2. Linda, who is the last to get home from work, is not the
teacher.
3. The broker and Linda leave for work at the same time.
4. The banker lives next door to Roy.
 Teacher Banker Chef Broker

Mark x / x x

Zen / x x x

Linda x x / x

Roy x x x /
 Teacher Banker Chef Broker

Mark x / x x

Zen / x x x

Linda x x / x

Roy x x x /
 KenKen Puzzles
• KenKen is an arithmetic-based logic puzzle that was
invented by the Japanese mathematics teacher Tetsuya
Miyamoto in 2004. The noun “ken” has “knowledge”
and “awareness” as synonyms. Hence, KenKen translates
as knowledge squared, or awareness squared.
 Exercises:
• Classify the reasoning employed in the following
arguments as INDUCTIVE or DEDUCTIVE.

Based
Two
The
For
Two
Based
The
For figures
on a
population
any right
figures
on a
population
any survey
right are
survey
are saidof
triangle,
of saidof
triangle,
of to
3300
Baguioto be
the
3300
Baguio be
therandomly
congruent
City
Pythagorean
has
randomly
congruent
CityPythagorean
has selected
risen if they
steadily
Theorem
selected
risen if they have
steadilyregistered
have
Theorem forthe
holds.
the
registered
forthe
holds.
the
It
It usually
Since
All even
all
usually
Since
All even
all takes
squares
numbers
takes
squares
numbers2–3are
2–3 days
areare
days
are for
rectangles,
for
rectangles,a
divisible
adelivery
divisible by
and
delivery
by
and2. all
2. to
to
all ship
Twenty-eight
ship from
rectangles
Twenty-eight from
rectangles the
have
isis
the
have
same
If
voters,
pastx
same
If =2)
40
voters,
pastx = 4
shape
2)
40456.2%
3,6,9,12,15,____.
ABC
years.
shape
56.2% isand
3,6,9,12,15,____.
ABC
years. indicate
aIt
and
is size
right
is
indicate
aIt size
right
is or
logical
orthat
logical if
that
ifone
triangle,
The
triangle,
The they
next
to
one has
they
next
to haswill
predict the
therefore
termwill
predict the
therefore
term vote
is same
thatgoing
vote
is for
same
that
goingfor
the shape
for
for
the the
ABC
to
shape
the
ABC
to and
population
bethe18.
and
population
bethe18.
warehouse
Jack is
warehouse
Jack taller
isif four
tallerto
even.
four to
even. your
than
sides,
your
than
sides, door
Jill.
Therefore,
all
door
Jill.
Therefore,
all via
Jillvia
Jill is
squares most
28
is
squares taller
is
most
28taller
is major
have than
divisible
major
have four
than
divisible
fourshipping
Joey.
by
sides.
2.
shipping
Joey.
by
sides.
2. is the
size
incumbent
of And
size as
Baguio
incumbent
of And the
as if
Baguio y
the =
mirror
officials
City
yCity
= 1
mirror
officials image
in
Pythagorean
will also
1Pythagorean
will image the
inon
also theof
rise upcoming
the
Theorem
next
ofupcoming
rise the other.
Theorem
next year.
other.
year.election.
My
holds. figure
election.
My figure
holds. issafe
the
services.
Therefore,
services.
Therefore, You Jack
You ordered
is
ordered
Jack taller
is taller Tuesday
than
on than Joey.
Tuesday Joey.morning,
morning, so it’s
sothe
it’s safe
mirror
Therefore,
Then
mirror
Therefore,image
2x
Thenimage +
approximately
2xyour yof= my
9 mirror
+approximately
yofpackage
= my9 mirror 56%
image,
56% of
image, the
therefore
of the votes
therefore
votes in inmy
my figure
thefigure
to assume
to assume yourimage package will
will arrive
arrive Thursday or
Thursday or Friday. Friday.
and
upcoming
my mirror
and my mirror
upcoming election
electionimage willare be
willare congruent.
for the
becongruent. incumbent.
for the incumbent.
• Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in
each of the following lists
 Assignment 1
• Glenn, Gab, and Geian are popular TV personalities. They are now
famous as a game show host, a news anchor and an actor (not
necessarily be respectively). They talk about their time in college,
studying for careers that they never pursued after getting into
television. Their courses are nursing, engineering, and teacher
education (again, not necessarily be respectively). For each
personality, determine their TV job, and the course in which they
studied in college?
Clues:
Clues:
1.1. Glenn
Glennwho whowasn’t
wasn’ttrained
trainedasasaateacher,
teacher,isisan
anactor
actorininthe
theteleserye
teleserye
“Ang Ilocano”
“Ang Ilocano”
2.2. Gab
Gabisisaanews
newsanchor
anchorininTB
TBPatrol.
Patrol.
3.3. Geian
Geiannever
neverhad
hadany
anyambition
ambitiontotobebeaanurse.
nurse.
4.4. ItItisn’t
isn’tthe
theone
onetime
timestudent
studentteacher
teacherwho
whonownowhosting
hostingthetheprogram,
program,
“Your Voice Looks Familiar”
Se
at
wo
rk
 Assignment 1
• Four married couples belong to a theatre club. The wives'
names are Alice, Barbara, Christa, and Edith. The
husbands' names are Al, Frank, Fred and Ernest. Who
married to whom? Use the following clues to determine
the couples.
a) Al is Edith’s brother.
b) Edith and Fred were once engaged, but “broke up"
when Edith met her present husband.
c) Christa has a sister, but her husband is an only child.
d) Alice is married to Ernest.
As
si gn
m en
t2
THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING!