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課程大綱 OUTLINE
Double Integrals (二重積分)
Triple Integrals (三重積分)
2
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
If f ( x, y ) is a function defined on a rectangular region
R [a, b] [c, d ] {( x, y ) R 2 | a x b, c y d } .
the x- and y-axes. The lines divide R into n rectangular pieces, where
the number of such pieces n gets large as the width and height of each
sum over R is
n 3
Sn f ( xi , yi ) Ai
i 1
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
Where ( xi , yi ) is a point in Ri . Depending on how we pick ( xi , yi ) in Ri ,
4
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
We can also write this limit as
n
lim f ( xi , yi ) Ai
n
i 1
choices are made, then the function f is said to be integrable and the
limit is called the double integral of f over R, written as
R
f ( x, y ) dA or
R
f ( x, y ) dx dy .
5
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
When f ( x, y ) 0 over R, we may interpret the double integral of f
6
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
例 題 1. If R { ( x, y ) | 1 x 1, 2 y 2 } , evaluate the integral
R
1 x 2 dA .
因為 z 1 x 2 0 且由 x 2 z 2 1 知道
S { ( x, y, z ) R 3 | 0 z 1 x 2 , 1 x 1, 2 y 2 }
1
半圓柱體,因此其體積為 (1) 2 4 2 。故
2
R
1 x 2 dA 2
7
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
d b b d
R
f ( x, y ) dA
c
a
f ( x, y ) dx dy
a
c
f ( x, y ) dy dx
8
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER BOUNDED REGIONS
If R is a bounded, nonrectangular region, then we can cover R with a
grid of small rectangular cells whose union contains all points of R.
This time, however, we cannot exactly fill R with a finite number of
rectangles lying inside R, since its boundary is curved, and some of the
small rectangles in the grid lie partly outside R. A partition of R is
formed by taking the rectangles that lie completely inside R (say,
R1 , R2 , , Rn ) only. As the norm of the partition goes to zero, the width
and height of each enclosed rectangle goes to zero and their number
goes to infinity. If f ( x, y ) is a continuous function, then the Riemann
n
sum S n
i 1
f ( xi , yi ) Ai converges to a limiting value. This limit is
9
called the double integral of f ( x, y ) over R.
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
例題 2 Calculate
R
f ( x, y ) dA for
f ( x, y ) 1 6 x 2 y and R : 0 x 2, 1 y 1 .
由 Fubini 定理知
1 2
R
f ( x, y ) dA
1 0 (1 6 x 2 y ) dx dy
1 1
[ x 2 x 3 y ]xx 02 dy [2 16 y ] dy
1 1
[2 y 8 y 2 ] yy 1 1 4
若積分順序對調其值仍保持不變
2 1 2 2 10
(1 6 x y ) dy dx [ y 3x y ] dx 2 dx 4
2 2 2 y 1
0 1 0 y 1 0
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER BOUNDED REGIONS
Definition
A dA
R
1 f ( x, y ) dA
f ( x, y ) dA R
A R dA
R 11
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER BOUNDED REGIONS
Properties of Double Integrals
If f ( x, y ) and g ( x, y ) are continuous, then
1. Constant Multiple :
c f ( x, y) dA c f ( x, y ) dA
R R
cR
[ f ( x, y ) g ( x, y)] dA f ( x, y) dA g ( x, y ) dA .
R R R
3. Domination :
If f ( x, y ) 0 on R, then f ( x, y) dA 0 .
R
If f ( x, y ) g ( x, y ) on R, then f ( x, y) dA g ( x, y) dA .
R R
4. Additivity :
If R is the union of two nonoverlapping regions R1 , R2 , then 12
R
f ( x, y )dA f ( x, y )dA f ( x, y )dA
R1 R2
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
在實際計算二重積分時,一般採用兩個單變數定積分的方法,這種方法稱為 迭
(1) R {( x, y ) | a x b, g1 ( x) y g 2 ( x) }
y y g2 ( x ) y
y g2 ( x )
R R
y g1 ( x )
y g1 ( x )
0 x 0 x
a x b a x b
13
R {( x , y ) | a x b , g1 ( x ) y g 2 ( x )}
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
(2) R {( x, y ) | c y d , h1 ( y ) x h2 ( y )}
y y
d
y
R
x h1 ( y ) R x h2 ( y ) x h1 ( y ) x h2 ( y )
y
c c
0 x x
R {( x, y ) | c y d , h1 ( y ) x h2 ( y )}
14
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
Fubini’s Theorem (Stronger Form)
Let f ( x, y ) be continuous on a region R.
on [c, d ] , then
d h2 ( y )
R
f ( x, y ) dA
c h1 ( y )
f ( x, y ) dx dy
15
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
例題 3 (1) Find the area of the region R bounded by y x and y x 2 in
the first quadrant.
(2) Find the average value of f ( x, y ) x cos xy over the rectangle
R: 0 x , 0 y 1.
(1) 如圖所示 R: 0 x 1 , x 2 y x ,因此 R 的面積為
1 x 1 x
R
dA
0 x2
dy dx [ y ] 2 dx
0 x
1
1 x 2 x3 1
[ x x ] dx
2
0
2 3 0 6
1
(2) R 的面積為
0 0
dx dy ,而 f ( x, y ) 在 R 上的積分為
1
x cos xy dy dx sin xy dx
1
0 0 0 0
(sin x 0) dx cos x]0 1 1 2 16
0
2
因此 f ( x, y ) 在 R 上的平均值為 。
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
例題 4 Evaluate R f ( x, y ) dA
sin y
(3) f ( x, y ) ,R is the region bounded by y 2 x and y x .
y
17
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
(1) R 的範圍: 1 x 2 , 1 y x 或 1 y 2 , y x 2 ,故
2 x
R f ( x, y ) dA 1 ( 1 xy dy) dx
yx
1
2 1 2
1 xy 2 dx 1 (x
3
x) dx
2 y 1 2
x2
1 4 1 2 9
x x
8 4 x 1 8
2 2
R
f ( x, y ) dA 1 y
xy dx dy
x2
2 1 2 2 1 3
1 2
xy
x y
dy 1
2 y
2
y dy
y2
18
1 4 9
y2 y
8 y 1 8
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
(1) R 的範圍: 1 x 2 , 1 y x 或 1 y 2 , y x 2 ,故
2 x
R f ( x, y ) dA 1 ( 1 xy dy) dx y
yx
1
2 1 2
1 xy 2 dx 1 (x
3
x) dx 2
2 y 1 2
x2
1 4 1 2 9 R
x x
8 4 x 1 8
2 2
1 2
R
f ( x, y ) dA 1 y
xy dx dy
(a)
x2
2 1 2 2 1 3
1 2
xy
x y
dy 1
2 y
2
y dy
y2
19
1 4 9
y2 y
8 y 1 8
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
(2)如圖 (b) 所示 R 位於曲線 x y 2 的右側,在直線 y x 2 的左側,因
此 R: 1 y 2 , y 2 x y 2 。 y y y x2
yx
2 y2
R f ( x, y ) dA 1 ( y 2 xy dx) dy 2
2
(4, 2)
x y 2
2 x2 R R
1 y dy y 1
x
2 x y 2
1
y
2 y
( y 2) 2 y 4 dy x (1, 1)
x y2
1 2 2
1 2
(a)
2 y3 y5 (b)
2 y 2 2 y dy
1 2 2
y
y 2 yx
y4 2 y3 y6 5
y
2
5 x y2
8 3 12 y 1
8
(3)R: 0 y 1 , y 2 x y R (1, 1)
x
0
x y
1 y sin y 1 sin y
R f dA 0 2
y y
dx dy 0 y x dy (c)
x y2
20
1
0 (sin y y sin y ) dy cos y yy 10 01 y sin y dy
cos y ( y cos y sin y ) yy 10 1 sin 1
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
例題 5Find the volume of the solid region bounded below by R and above
y y x2
yx
1 1
f ( x , y ) 1 xy
1 21
1
R
x x R
0 1
(a)
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
h2 ( r )
r g 2 ( )
R h1 (r )
r g1 ( ) R
R
0 x x
ra r b
(a ) R : , g1 ( ) r g 2 ( ) (b) R : 0 a r b , h1 (r ) h2 (r ) h1 (r ) 2
22
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
Theorem: Change to Polar Coordinates in a Double Integral
0 a r b, , where 0 2 , then
b
R
f ( x, y ) dA
a
f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d
r 2
r 1
R
Ri
r0 1 ri 1 ri 23
rn 2
截斷扇形
R S : , 0 1 r 2
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
例題 6 Change to polar coordinates, then evaluate the double integral:
(3x y)
R
dA ,where R is in the first quadrant and bounded by x 2 y 2 1
and x 2 y 2 4 . y
r2
令 x r cos , y r sin ,則 R : 0 ,1 r 2
2
2
2
R (3 x y ) dA 0 1 (3r cos r sin )r drd
2
2
0
2 (3 cos sin ) ( 1 r 2 dr ) d r 1
x
r 3
2
0
2
(3 cos sin ) d
(a )
3
0
r 1
7
3 sin cos 0
2
24
3
7 28
4
3 3
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
例題 7 Evaluate I R e x
2
y2
dxdy ,where R is the disk x 2 y 2 a 2 .
令 x r cos , y r sin ,則 R : 0 r a , 0 2 且
I e x
2
y2
dx dy
R
2 a
2
e r r drd [ 令 u r 2 則 du 2r d ]
0 0
a
2 1 r 2
2 e d
0
r 0
2 1 1 a 2
e d
0
2 2
2
1 1 2 2
e a (1 e a )
2 2 0
25
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
Theorem:
D { (r , ) | , h1 ( ) r h2 ( ) }
h2 ( )
Then
D
f ( x, y ) dA
h1 ( )
f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d
26
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
例題 8 求 球 面 x 2 y 2 z 2 4a 2 與 圓 柱 面 x 2 y 2 2ax 所 包 圍且在 柱面
內的立體圖形的體積。
z
y
R
r 2a cos
其中
y
x
R 0
2a
2a
x
V 4 R 4a 2 x 2 y 2 dxdy
27
R: R : 0 r 2a cos , 0
2
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
例題 8 求 球 面 x 2 y 2 z 2 4a 2 與 圓 柱 面 x 2 y 2 2ax 所 包 圍且在 柱面
內的立體圖形的體積。
2 a cos
令 x r cos , y r sin ,則 V 4 0
2
0 4a 2 r 2 r drd
令 u 4a 2 r 2 ,則 du 2rdr 。
3
2 a cos 1 1 2 2
0 4a r r dr u du
2 2
u
2 2 3
2 a cos
1 8a 3
( 4a 2 r 2 ) 3 (1 sin 3 )
3 r 0 3
故
8a 3
V 4 2 (1 sin 3 ) d
0 3
32a 3 1 2
3 cos cos3
3 28
0
2 32a 3
2 3 3
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL
The triple integral of f over the rectangular box B is
n
Fubini’s Theorem
If f is continuous on the rectangular box
29
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL
例題 1 Evaluate the triple integral dV , where
2
xyz
B
z 3
3 z 3
27 30
4 3 z 0 4
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 1
A solid region D is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs of
two continuous functions of x and y , that is,
E { ( x, y, z ) | ( x, y ) R, u1 ( x, y ) z u 2 ( x, y )}
where R is the projection of D onto the xy-plane.
1) If R {( x, y ) | a x b, g1 ( x) y g 2 ( x ) } , then
u2 ( x , y ) f ( x, y, z ) dz dA
D
f ( x, y, z ) dV
R
u1 ( x , y )
b g2 ( x )
u2 ( x , y ) f ( x, y, z ) dz dy dx
a g1 ( x ) u1 ( x , y )
2) If R {( x, y ) | c y d , h1 ( y ) x h2 ( y ) } , then
f ( x, y, z ) dV f ( x, y, z ) dz dA
u2 ( x , y )
u1 ( x , y )
D R 31
d h2 ( y )
u2 ( x , y ) f ( x, y , z ) dz dx dy
c h1 ( y ) u1 ( x , y )
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 1
例題 2 Evaluate D x dV , where D is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the
4 planes x 0, y 0, z 0, and x 2 y z 1 .
1 x
D 在 xy 平面上的投影 R : 0 x 1 , 0 y (x 2 y 1)
2
在 R 內任取一點 ( x, y ),過此點做平行於 z 軸的直線,這直線通過平面 z 0
穿入 D 內,然後通過平面 z 1 x 2 y 穿出 D 外,於是 0 z 1 x 2 y 。
1 x
1 1 x 2 y
故 D x dV 0 dx 0
2 dy 0 x dz
1 x 1 x
1 z 1 x 2 y 1
z 0 dx 0
2 dy [ xz ] z 0 0 dx 0
2 ( x x 2 2 xy) dy
1
1 x
1 y 1 x(1 x) 2
D
0 dx [ xy x y xy ] 2 2
y 0
2 0 dx
4
y
1 x 1 32
1 1 2 1 1
R
2 x 2 x3 x 4
x
1 4 2 3 4 x 0 48
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 1
例題 3 Evaluate D x 2 y dV ,where D is bounded by z 4 and z 2 x 2 y 2 ,
and x 0, y 0, z 0 .
因為平面 z 4 與圓錐 z2 x2 y2 的 交 集 是 平 面 z4 上的一個圓
投影 R : 0 x 4 , 0 y 16 x 2 。最後 z 的取值為 x2 y2 z 4 。
4 16 x 2 4
D x y dV 0 dx 0
2
dy x2 y2
x 2 y dz z
4
dx
16 x 2
dy x 2 y z 4 z4
4
dy
0 0 z x2 y2
( x , y ,4)
0
4
dx 0
16 x 2
dy x y 4 x y
2 2 2
dy D
z x2 y 2
16 x 2
4 2 2 x2 2 3
2 x y (x y )
2 2
dx
0
3 y 0
( x, y , x 2 y 2 )
4 32 x5
x 2 2 x 4 dx R y
4 33
0
3 3 x 4
4 ( x, y, 0)
32 2 1 2048
x3 x5 x6
9 5 18 0 45
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 1
例題 4 Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron D bounded
by x 0 , y 0, z 0 and x 2 y 2 z 4 .
平面 x 2 y 2 z 4 與 xy 平面的交集是直線 x 2 y 4 ,所以
4 x 4 x 2y
D:0 x 4, 0 y ,0 z
2 2
4 x 4 x 2 y
4
故 V D dV 0 dx 0
2 dy 0
2 dz
z
4 x
4 1
z
4 x 2y 0 dx 2 (4 x 2 y ) dy
2
2 0
2
4 x
1 4
0 [4 y xy y
2
y ] 0
2
dx
2
2
z0 1 4 1 2 1 2
x 4
y
4 x
,z0
2 0
8 4 x
2
x
4
( 4 x ) dx
2 34
4
1 1 3 1 3 8
8 x 2 x 2
x ( 4 x )
2 6 12 0 3
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 2 AND TYPE 3
A solid region D is said to be of type 2 if it lies between the graphs of
two continuous functions of y and z , that is,
D { ( x, y, z ) | ( y, z ) R, u1 ( y, z ) x u 2 ( y, z )}
where R is the projection of D onto the yz-plane and
u2 ( y , z ) f ( x, y, z ) dx dA
D
f ( x, y, z ) dV
R
u1 ( y , z )
cylinder x 2 z 2 1 .
此題 D
z dV 可改寫成下列任何一個:
1 x 1 x 2 1 1 x 2 x
(a) 0
dx dy
0 0
z dz (b) 0 dx 0 dz 0 z dy
1 1 z 2 x 1 1 z 2 1 z 2
(c) 0 dz 0 dx 0 z dy (d) 0 dz 0 dy y z dx
1 1 1 z 2 1 1 y 2 1 z 2
(e) 0 dy y dx 0 z dz (f) 0 dy 0 dz y z dx
不論用哪一式其值均相同
1 x 1 x 2 1 1 x 1 x 2 1 x21 x
0
dx dy
0 0
z dz
0
dx z 2
02 0
dy
0 0 2
dy dx
1 1 x2 x 1 x x3
0 y dx 0 dx
2 0
2 2
36
1
x2 x4 1
4 8 0
8
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point M in 3-dimensional space is
represented by the ordered triple ( r , , z ) , where (r , ) is polar coordinate of the
projection of M onto the xy-plane and z is the directed distance from the xy-plane
to M. Cylindrical coordinates are useful in problems that involve symmetry about
an axis, and the z-axis is chosen to coincide with this axis of symmetry.
M (r , , z )
0 r
0 2
y z
r
P (r , )
37
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
If f is continuous on D: , g1 ( ) r g 2 ( ) , h1 (r , ) z h2 (r , ) ,
then
D
f ( x, y, z ) dV
r g 2 ( ) z h2 ( r , )
[ f (r cos , r sin , z ) dz ] r drd
r g1 ( ) z h1 ( r , )
g 2 ( ) h2 ( r , )
d g ( ) r dr [ h ( r , ) f (r cos , r sin , z ) dz ]
1 1
z
z
D
z h2 ( r , ) z
z h1 (r , ) (r, , z)
基本分割逼近體
y
x r y
r g1 ( ) R
r
38
r g 2 ( )
x
(a) (b)
V r r z
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
例題 6 Evaluate the triple integral in cylindrical coordinates
2 4 x 2 4 x 2 y 2 z
0 0 0 dzdydx
x y
2 2
令 x r cos , y r sin 則 x 2 y 2 r 2 。
由 D 的範圍: 0 x 2, 0 y 4 x 2 , 0 z 4 x 2 y 2
知 0 , 0 r 2, 0 z 4 r 2 。因此
2
2 4 x 2 4 x 2 y 2 z
0 0 0
x2 y2
dzdydx
2 4r 2 z
2
r dzdrd
0 0 0 r
4r 2
1 2
2
0
2
0 2 z drd
0
1 2
0 (4 r ) drd
2 2
2 0
2
1 1 3
39
2 0
2
4 r 3 r d
0
1 8 4
8
2 3 2 3
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
例題 7 試用柱面坐標來求 D 的體積,
之間的固體。
6 3x 2 y x y r cos r sin
由 D 的位置知: 0 z 1 1
6 2 3 2 3
所以
z
r cos r sin
1 1
V 02 0 0 2 3 r dzdrd
1 r cos r sin
02 0 r 1 drd 1
2 3
2x 2 y 6z 6
1
1 2 1 3 1 3
0
2
2 r 6 r cos 9 r sin d
r 0
1 1 1
02 cos sin d 2
2 6 9
r 1 3
x
1 1 2 y
sin cos 40
2 6 9 0
5
4 18
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN SPHERICAL COORDINATE
In the spherical coordinate system, a point M in 3-dimensional space is
represented by the ordered triple (r , , ) , where r | OM | is the distance from
the origin to M, is the angle between the positive z-axis and the segment OM,
is the same angle as in the cylindrical coordinates.
設 M ( x, y, z ) 是空間中一點,它在 xy 平面上的投影 P ( x, y, 0) 。若 OM 的長是
r (0 r ) , 是有向線段 OM 與 z 之間的夾角 (0 ) , 是過 P, O,
M 的平 面與 xz 平 面 的 交角 (0 2 ) ,則 稱 ( r , , ) 為 M 的 球面坐標
z
(Spherical coordinate)。 B
M
0r
r 0
0 2
0 z
y
41
x
A P
y
x
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN SPHERICAL COORDINATE
例題 8 Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the solid that lies
4 4 28
V ( 23 ) 13
3 3 3
現在我們用球面坐標來求此結果。首先,由於對稱的關 係,只要求出在第一卦
限的體積再乘以 8 即可得 V。在第一卦限的區域 D 為
D:0 , 0 , 1 r 2
2 2 z z
0
因此 0 x2 y2 z2 9
2
2
V 8 1
0
2
0
2
1
r 2 sin drd d
3
x2 y 2 z 2 4
r 2
1 3
8 2
2
3 r sin dd
0 0
r 1 y z x2 y2
56 2 2
3 0 0
sin dd 4
x
x2 y2 z2 1
0
y 42
56 2 x
3 0
[ cos ] 02 d 2
(a ) ( b)
56 28
[ ] 02
3 3
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN SPHERICAL COORDINATE
例 題 9 設 f ( x, y , z ) x 2 y 2 z , D 是 介 於 圓 錐 面 z x 2 y 2 和球面
x 2 y 2 z 2 9 之間且在圓錐面內的區域,求 D f dV 。
f ( x, y , z ) x 2 y 2 z
r 2 sin 2 cos 2 r 2 sin 2 sin 2 r cos
r 2 sin 2 r cos
D : 0 r 3, 0 2 ,又圓錐 z x 2 y 2 與 yz 平面交於折線 z | y | ,因
此 0 。
4
43
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN SPHERICAL COORDINATE
例 題 9 設 f ( x, y , z ) x 2 y 2 z , D 是 介 於 圓 錐 面 z x 2 y 2 和球面
x 2 y 2 z 2 9 之間且在圓錐面內的區域,求 D f dV 。
2 3
故
D
f dV
0
0
4
0
(r 2 sin 2 r cos ) r 2 sin drd d
r 3
2 r 5 r4
4
sin
3
cos sin dd
0 0
5 4 r 0
2 243 3 81
4
5 sin 4 cos sin dd
0 0
2 243 81
4
5 (1 cos 2
) sin cos sin dd
0 0
4
2 243 cos 81 2
3 4
cos sin
8 d
0
5 3 0
2 81
(37 20 2 ) d 44
0 80
81
(37 20 2 ) 55.5
40
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
Definition
x g (u , v), y h(u , v )
x x
u v x y x y
Is J (u , v )
y y u v v u
u v
45
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
Theorem
If g, h have continuous first-order partial derivatives and the
Jacobian J (u , v) 0 , and that maps a region U in the uv-plane onto a
region D in the xy-plane. Suppose that f is continuous on D and r is
one-to-one, except perhaps on the boundary of U. Then
D
f ( x, y ) dA f ( x(u , v), y (u , v)) J (u , v) du dv
U
46
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
Theorem (Change of Variables Formula in Polar Coordinates)
在這裡,用 r , 代替 u, v :
因此
x y
cos sin
J (r , ) r r r,
x y
r sin r cos
所以 D
f ( x, y ) dx dy f (r cos , r sin ) r dr d 。
U
y
的影像
x r cos 47
rc
y r sin
r c 的影像
r x
c
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
例題 1 Find D a 2 x 2 y 2 dxdy ,where D : x 2 y 2 a 2 and x 0, y 0 .
令 x r cos , y r sin 則 U [0, a ] 0, 映至 D
2
a
原式 a r rdrd r a 2 r 2 ddr
2 2 2
U 0 0
a a3
r a r dr
2 2
2 0 6
48
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
例 題 2 若 線 性 變 換 : x x(u, v) Au Bv , y y (u, v) Au B v , 其 中
A, B, C , D 為常數,且 J (u , v) AB BA 0 ,則函數 ( x(u, v) , y (u , v)) 是一
對一,且 D
f ( x, y ) dx dy | AB BA | f ( Au Bv , Au B v) du dv
U
49
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
yx
例題 3 Find D e yx
dxdy ,where D is bounded by y 2 x , x 0 , y 0 .
vu vu 1
令 u y x ,v y x 則 x , y ,且 J (u , v) 。直線
2 2 2
x 0 v u , y 0 v u 且 y 2 x v 2 。故 U 是由 v 2 , v u 及
v u 所圍區域。 v y
2 v2
y x
1 2
dxdy e v dudv
u
所以 e y x
uv y 2 x
D 2 U u v
U 1
1 2 v u D
e v dudv 1
u x
2 0 v 0 1 2
1 2 1
v e dv
2 0 e
1 1
e [v ]0
2 2
4 e
1 50
e
e
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
例題 4 在 11.2 所學的柱面坐標也是一種變數變換,在這裡分別用 r , , z 來
z z
代替 u, v, w 。 z 常數
x r cos
x x(r , , z ) r cos , y r sin r 常數
z z
常數
y
定義: y y ( r , , z ) r sin ,
z z (r , , z ) z r x
為 了 讓 函 數 ( x( r , , z ) , y (r , , z ) , z (r , , z )) 為 一 對 一 , 我 們 限 制
r 0 , [ , ) 且
cos sin 0
J (r , , z ) r sin r cos 0 r
0 0 1
所 以 51
常數
定義 y y (r , , ) sin sin 0 2 x r cos sin
y r sin sin
( x, y , z )
z z (r , , ) cos r r 常數
0
z r cos
常數
z
r cos
x r sin
r
則
f ( x, y, z )dxdydz
D
52
f (r cos sin , r sin sin , r cos ) r 2
sin dr dd
U