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課程大綱 OUTLINE
 Double Integrals (二重積分)
 Triple Integrals (三重積分)

 Change of Variables in Multiple Integral


(變數變換)

2
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
If f ( x, y ) is a function defined on a rectangular region

R  [a, b]  [c, d ]  {( x, y )  R 2 | a  x  b, c  y  d } .

Subdivide R into small rectangles using a network of lines parallel to

the x- and y-axes. The lines divide R into n rectangular pieces, where

the number of such pieces n gets large as the width and height of each

piece gets small. These rectangles, R1 , R2 ,  , Rn , form a partition of R.

Suppose the area of Ri is denoted by  Ai  xi yi , then the Riemann

sum over R is
n 3
Sn   f ( xi , yi ) Ai
i 1
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
Where ( xi , yi ) is a point in Ri . Depending on how we pick ( xi , yi ) in Ri ,

we may get different values for S n . The norm || P || of a partition P is


the largest width or height of any rectangle in the partition P.
As || P || 0 , the number n increases. Sometimes the Riemann sums
converge as the norm of P goes to 0, the resulting limit is written as
n
lim
|| P|| 0

i 1
f ( xi , yi ) Ai

4
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
We can also write this limit as
n
lim  f ( xi , yi ) Ai
n 
i 1

with the understanding that  Ai  0 as n   and || P || 0 . When a

limit of S n exists, giving the same limiting value no matter what

choices are made, then the function f is said to be integrable and the
limit is called the double integral of f over R, written as


R
f ( x, y ) dA or 
R
f ( x, y ) dx dy .

5
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
When f ( x, y )  0 over R, we may interpret the double integral of f

over R as the volume of the 3-dimensional solid region over the

xy-plane bounded below by R and above by the surface z  f ( x, y ) .

6
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
例 題 1. If R  { ( x, y ) |  1  x  1, 2  y  2 } , evaluate the integral


R
1  x 2 dA .

因為 z  1  x 2  0 且由 x 2  z 2  1 知道

S  { ( x, y, z )  R 3 | 0  z  1  x 2 ,  1  x  1, 2  y  2 }

表示位於圓柱 x 2  z 2  1 之下且在矩形 R 之上的固體,即半徑為 1 且高為 4 的

1
半圓柱體,因此其體積為  (1) 2  4  2 。故
2 
R
1  x 2 dA  2
7
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分

Fubini’s Theorem (First Form)

If f ( x, y ) is continuous throughout the rectangular region

R  [a, b]  [c, d ] , then f is integrable and

d b b d

R
f ( x, y ) dA  
c 
a
f ( x, y ) dx dy  
a 
c
f ( x, y ) dy dx

8
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER BOUNDED REGIONS
If R is a bounded, nonrectangular region, then we can cover R with a
grid of small rectangular cells whose union contains all points of R.
This time, however, we cannot exactly fill R with a finite number of
rectangles lying inside R, since its boundary is curved, and some of the
small rectangles in the grid lie partly outside R. A partition of R is
formed by taking the rectangles that lie completely inside R (say,
R1 , R2 ,  , Rn ) only. As the norm of the partition goes to zero, the width
and height of each enclosed rectangle goes to zero and their number
goes to infinity. If f ( x, y ) is a continuous function, then the Riemann
n
sum S n  
i 1
f ( xi , yi ) Ai converges to a limiting value. This limit is
9
called the double integral of f ( x, y ) over R.
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS 二重積分
例題 2 Calculate 
R
f ( x, y ) dA for

f ( x, y )  1  6 x 2 y and R : 0  x  2,  1  y  1 .

由 Fubini 定理知

1 2

R
f ( x, y ) dA  
1 0 (1  6 x 2 y ) dx dy

1 1
  [ x  2 x 3 y ]xx 02 dy   [2  16 y ] dy
1 1

 [2 y  8 y 2 ] yy 1 1  4

若積分順序對調其值仍保持不變

2 1 2 2 10
 (1  6 x y ) dy dx   [ y  3x y ] dx   2 dx  4
2 2 2 y 1
0 1 0 y 1 0
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER BOUNDED REGIONS
Definition

1. The area of a closed bounded plane region R is

A   dA
R

2. The average value of f ( x, y ) over R is equal to

1  f ( x, y ) dA
 f ( x, y ) dA  R
A R  dA
R 11
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRALS OVER BOUNDED REGIONS
Properties of Double Integrals
If f ( x, y ) and g ( x, y ) are continuous, then
1. Constant Multiple :

 c f ( x, y) dA  c  f ( x, y ) dA
R R
cR

2. Sum and Difference :

 [ f ( x, y )  g ( x, y)] dA   f ( x, y) dA   g ( x, y ) dA .
R R R

3. Domination :

If f ( x, y )  0 on R, then  f ( x, y) dA  0 .
R

If f ( x, y )  g ( x, y ) on R, then  f ( x, y) dA   g ( x, y) dA .
R R

4. Additivity :
If R is the union of two nonoverlapping regions R1 , R2 , then 12


R
f ( x, y )dA   f ( x, y )dA   f ( x, y )dA
R1 R2
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
在實際計算二重積分時,一般採用兩個單變數定積分的方法,這種方法稱為 迭

代積分法 ,但此方法只有當 R 具有“好”的形狀時才可使用。在直角坐標


下,所謂具有好的形狀的有界封閉區域 R 是指下列二種形狀:

(1) R  {( x, y ) | a  x  b, g1 ( x)  y  g 2 ( x) }
y y  g2 ( x ) y

y  g2 ( x )

R R

y  g1 ( x )
y  g1 ( x )
0 x 0 x
a x b a x b
13
R  {( x , y ) | a  x  b , g1 ( x )  y  g 2 ( x )}
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
(2) R  {( x, y ) | c  y  d , h1 ( y )  x  h2 ( y )}

y y

d
y
R
x  h1 ( y ) R x  h2 ( y ) x  h1 ( y ) x  h2 ( y )
y
c c

0 x x

R  {( x, y ) | c  y  d , h1 ( y )  x  h2 ( y )}

14
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
Fubini’s Theorem (Stronger Form)
Let f ( x, y ) be continuous on a region R.

(1)If R is defined by a xb , g1 ( x)  y  g 2 ( x) , with g1 , g 2


continuous on [ a, b] , then
b g2 ( x )

R
f ( x, y ) dA  
a 
g1 ( x )
f ( x, y ) dy dx

(2)If R is defined by c  y  d , h1 ( y )  x  h2 ( y ) , with h1 , h2 continuous

on [c, d ] , then
d h2 ( y )

R
f ( x, y ) dA  
c  h1 ( y )
f ( x, y ) dx dy

15
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
例題 3 (1) Find the area of the region R bounded by y  x and y  x 2 in
the first quadrant.
(2) Find the average value of f ( x, y )  x cos xy over the rectangle

R: 0  x   , 0  y  1.
(1) 如圖所示 R: 0  x  1 , x 2  y  x ,因此 R 的面積為
1 x 1 x


R
dA  
0  x2
dy dx   [ y ] 2 dx
0 x

1
1  x 2 x3  1
  [ x  x ] dx     
2
0
2 3 0 6
1 
(2) R 的面積為 
0 0
dx dy   ,而 f ( x, y ) 在 R 上的積分為

  1
x cos xy dy dx    sin xy  dx
1
 
0 0 0 0

  (sin x  0) dx   cos x]0  1  1  2 16
0

2
因此 f ( x, y ) 在 R 上的平均值為 。

Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
例題 4 Evaluate  R f ( x, y ) dA

(1) f ( x, y )  xy ,R is the region bounded by y  1, x  2 and y  x .

(2) f ( x, y )  xy ,R is the region bounded by y 2  x and y  x  2 .

sin y
(3) f ( x, y )  ,R is the region bounded by y 2  x and y  x .
y

17
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
(1) R 的範圍: 1  x  2 , 1  y  x 或 1  y  2 , y  x  2 ,故

2 x
 R f ( x, y ) dA   1 (  1 xy dy) dx
yx
1
2  1 2
  1  xy 2  dx  1 (x
3
 x) dx
2  y 1 2
x2
1 4 1 2 9
 x  x 
8 4 x 1 8

2 2
 R
f ( x, y ) dA    1 y
xy dx dy

x2
2 1 2  2 1 3
  1 2

xy 
 x y
dy   1


2 y 
2
y  dy

y2
18
1 4 9
 y2  y 
8 y 1 8
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
(1) R 的範圍: 1  x  2 , 1  y  x 或 1  y  2 , y  x  2 ,故

2 x
 R f ( x, y ) dA   1 (  1 xy dy) dx y

yx
1
2  1 2
  1  xy 2  dx  1 (x
3
 x) dx 2
2  y 1 2
x2
1 4 1 2 9 R
 x  x 
8 4 x 1 8

2 2
1 2
 R
f ( x, y ) dA    1 y
xy dx dy
(a)
x2
2 1 2  2 1 3
  1 2

xy 
 x y
dy   1


2 y 
2
y  dy

y2
19
1 4 9
 y2  y 
8 y 1 8
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
(2)如圖 (b) 所示 R 位於曲線 x  y 2 的右側,在直線 y  x  2 的左側,因

此 R:  1  y  2 , y 2  x  y  2 。 y y y  x2
yx
2 y2
 R f ( x, y ) dA   1 ( y 2 xy dx) dy 2
2
(4, 2)

x y 2
2  x2  R R
 1  y dy y 1
x
 2  x y 2

1
y
2 y 
   ( y  2) 2  y 4  dy x (1,  1)
x  y2
1 2 2 
 1 2

(a)
2  y3 y5  (b)
    2 y 2  2 y   dy
1 2 2
 y

y 2 yx
y4 2 y3 y6 5
  y 
2
5 x  y2
8 3 12 y  1
8

(3)R: 0  y  1 , y 2  x  y R (1,  1)
x
0
x y
1  y sin y  1  sin y 
 R f dA  0   2
y y
dx  dy  0  y x dy (c)
    x  y2

20
1
  0 (sin y  y sin y ) dy   cos y  yy 10   01 y sin y dy
  cos y  (  y cos y  sin y )  yy 10  1  sin 1
Functions of Several Variables
- ITERATED INTEGRATION 迭代積分法
例題 5Find the volume of the solid region bounded below by R and above

by the surface z  f ( x, y )  1  xy , where R is bounded by y  x 2 and y  x .


R: 0  x  1 , x 2  y  x
x
1 x 1 x 
V    2 (1  xy ) dydx    y  y 2  dx
0 x 0
 2  x2
1
1  x3 x5  x2 x4 x3 x6 1
 0  x  x 
2
 dx     
 2 2  2 8 3 12 0
8

y y  x2
yx

1 1
f ( x , y )  1  xy

1 21
1
R
x x R
0 1
(a)
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
    h2 ( r )

r  g 2 ( )
R   h1 (r )
r  g1 ( ) R
R
 

0 x x
ra r b
(a ) R :      , g1 ( )  r  g 2 ( ) (b) R : 0  a  r  b , h1 (r )    h2 (r )  h1 (r )  2

22
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
Theorem: Change to Polar Coordinates in a Double Integral

If f is continuous on a polar rectangle R given by

0  a  r  b,      , where 0      2 , then

 b

R
f ( x, y ) dA  
 
a
f (r cos  , r sin  ) r dr d  
r  2

r  1
R

Ri

r0   1 ri 1 ri 23
rn   2  
截斷扇形
R  S :      , 0  1  r   2
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
例題 6 Change to polar coordinates, then evaluate the double integral:

  (3x  y)
R
dA ,where R is in the first quadrant and bounded by x 2  y 2  1

and x 2  y 2  4 . y
r2

令 x  r cos  , y  r sin  ,則 R : 0    ,1 r  2 

2
2 
2
R (3 x  y ) dA   0 1 (3r cos  r sin  )r drd 
2


2
  0
2 (3 cos   sin  ) (  1 r 2 dr ) d r 1
x

r  3
2
 0
  2
(3 cos   sin  )   d
(a )
 3 
0
r 1


7
 3 sin   cos   0
2
24
3
7 28
 4 
3 3
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
例題 7 Evaluate I   R e  x
2
 y2
dxdy ,where R is the disk x 2  y 2  a 2 .
令 x  r cos , y  r sin  ,則 R : 0  r  a , 0    2 且

I   e  x
2
 y2
dx dy
R

2 a
 
2
e  r r drd  [ 令 u   r 2 則 du  2r d ]
0 0

a
2  1 r 2 
  2 e  d
0
  r 0

2  1 1 a 2 
   e  d
0
2 2 
2
 1 1 2   2
   e  a      (1  e  a )
 2 2  0
25
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
Theorem:

If f is continuous on a polar region

D  { (r , ) |      , h1 ( )  r  h2 ( ) }

 h2 ( )
Then 
D
f ( x, y ) dA  
 
h1 ( )
f (r cos  , r sin  ) r dr d

26
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
例題 8 求 球 面 x 2  y 2  z 2  4a 2 與 圓 柱 面 x 2  y 2  2ax 所 包 圍且在 柱面

內的立體圖形的體積。
z
y
R
r  2a cos

其中
y
 x
R 0
2a
2a
x

V  4  R 4a 2  x 2  y 2 dxdy

其中 R 是半圓 y  2ax  x 2 與 x 軸所圍成的區域。即

 27
R: R : 0  r  2a cos , 0   
2
Functions of Several Variables
- DOUBLE INTEGRAL IN POLAR COORDINATES
例題 8 求 球 面 x 2  y 2  z 2  4a 2 與 圓 柱 面 x 2  y 2  2ax 所 包 圍且在 柱面

內的立體圖形的體積。 
2 a cos
令 x  r cos , y  r sin  ,則 V  4 0
2
0 4a 2  r 2 r drd 

令 u  4a 2  r 2 ,則 du  2rdr 。

3
2 a cos  1 1 2 2
0 4a  r r dr    u du   
2 2
u
2 2 3
2 a cos
 1  8a 3
  ( 4a 2  r 2 ) 3   (1  sin 3  )
 3  r 0 3



8a 3
V  4 2 (1  sin 3  ) d
0 3

32a 3  1  2

3   cos  cos3  
3 28
   0

 2  32a 3
  
 2 3 3
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL
The triple integral of f over the rectangular box B is
n

 f ( x, y, z ) dV  lim  f ( xi , yi , zi ) Vi


n 
B i 1

If this limit exists.

Fubini’s Theorem
If f is continuous on the rectangular box

B  [a, b]  [c, d ]  [r , s] , then


s d b

B
f ( x, y , z ) dV  
r  
c a
f ( x, y, z ) dx dy dz

29
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL
例題 1 Evaluate the triple integral  dV , where
2
xyz
B

B  [0,1]  [1, 2]  [0,3] .


由 Fubini 定理知
3 2 1
 xyz dV    
2
xyz 2 dx dy dz
0 1 0
B
x 1
3 2 x 2
3 2 1
   2  yz dydz  0 1  2  yz dydz
2 2
0 1
  x 0  
y 2
1 y  3 3 2
3
    z 2 dz   z 2 dz
2 0  2  y 1 4 0

z 3
3 z  3
27 30
   
4  3  z 0 4
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 1
A solid region D is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs of
two continuous functions of x and y , that is,

E  { ( x, y, z ) | ( x, y )  R, u1 ( x, y )  z  u 2 ( x, y )}
where R is the projection of D onto the xy-plane.

1) If R  {( x, y ) | a  x  b, g1 ( x)  y  g 2 ( x ) } , then

 u2 ( x , y ) f ( x, y, z ) dz  dA

D
f ( x, y, z ) dV  
R
 u1 ( x , y ) 


b g2 ( x )
 u2 ( x , y ) f ( x, y, z ) dz  dy dx
a  g1 ( x )  u1 ( x , y ) 

2) If R  {( x, y ) | c  y  d , h1 ( y )  x  h2 ( y ) } , then

f ( x, y, z ) dV     f ( x, y, z ) dz  dA
u2 ( x , y )
  u1 ( x , y ) 
D R 31


d h2 ( y )
 u2 ( x , y ) f ( x, y , z ) dz  dx dy
c  h1 ( y )  u1 ( x , y ) 
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 1
例題 2 Evaluate D x dV , where D is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the

4 planes x  0, y  0, z  0, and x  2 y  z  1 .
1 x
D 在 xy 平面上的投影 R : 0  x  1 , 0  y  (x  2 y  1)
2
在 R 內任取一點 ( x, y ),過此點做平行於 z 軸的直線,這直線通過平面 z  0

穿入 D 內,然後通過平面 z  1  x  2 y 穿出 D 外,於是 0  z  1  x  2 y 。
1 x
1 1 x  2 y
故 D x dV   0 dx 0
2 dy  0 x dz

1 x 1 x
1 z 1 x  2 y 1
z   0 dx  0
2 dy [ xz ] z 0   0 dx  0
2 ( x  x 2  2 xy) dy
1
1 x
1 y 1 x(1  x) 2
D
  0 dx [ xy  x y  xy ] 2 2
y 0
2  0 dx
4
y
1 x 1 32
1 1 2 1  1
R
2   x 2  x3  x 4  
x
1 4 2 3 4  x 0 48
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 1
例題 3 Evaluate D x 2 y dV ,where D is bounded by z  4 and z 2  x 2  y 2 ,

and x  0, y  0, z  0 .
因為平面 z  4 與圓錐 z2  x2  y2 的 交 集 是 平 面 z4 上的一個圓

x 2  y 2  16 ,又 D 位於第一卦限 ( x  0 , y  0 , z  0) ,所以 D 在 xy 平面上的

投影 R : 0  x  4 , 0  y  16  x 2 。最後 z 的取值為 x2  y2  z  4 。

4 16 x 2 4
D x y dV   0 dx 0 
2
dy x2  y2
x 2 y dz z

4
  dx
16 x 2
dy x 2 y z  4 z4

4
dy
0 0 z x2  y2
( x , y ,4)

0
4
  dx 0
16 x 2

dy x y 4  x  y
2 2 2
 dy D
z  x2  y 2
16 x 2
4  2 2 x2 2 3

 2 x y  (x  y ) 
2 2
dx
0
 3  y 0
( x, y , x 2  y 2 )
4  32 x5 
   x 2  2 x 4   dx R y
4 33
0
3 3 x 4
4 ( x, y, 0)
 32 2 1  2048
  x3  x5  x6  
9 5 18  0 45
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 1
例題 4 Use a triple integral to find the volume of the tetrahedron D bounded

by x  0 , y  0, z  0 and x  2 y  2 z  4 .
 平面 x  2 y  2 z  4 與 xy 平面的交集是直線 x  2 y  4 ,所以

4 x 4  x  2y
D:0  x  4, 0 y  ,0 z
2 2
4 x 4 x  2 y
4
故 V  D dV   0 dx  0
2 dy  0
2 dz
z
4 x
4 1
z
4  x  2y   0 dx  2 (4  x  2 y ) dy
2
2 0
2
4 x
1 4
  0 [4 y  xy  y
2
y ] 0
2
dx
2
2
z0 1 4  1 2 1 2
x 4
y
4 x
,z0

2 0 

8  4 x 
2
x 
4
( 4  x )  dx

2 34
4
1  1 3 1 3 8
 8 x  2 x 2
 x  ( 4  x )  
2  6 12  0 3
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 2 AND TYPE 3
A solid region D is said to be of type 2 if it lies between the graphs of
two continuous functions of y and z , that is,

D  { ( x, y, z ) | ( y, z )  R, u1 ( y, z )  x  u 2 ( y, z )}
where R is the projection of D onto the yz-plane and

 u2 ( y , z ) f ( x, y, z ) dx  dA

D
f ( x, y, z ) dV  
R
 u1 ( y , z ) 

A solid region D is said to be of type 3 if it lies between the graphs of


two continuous functions of x and z , that is,
D  { ( x, y, z ) | ( x, z )  R, u1 ( x, z )  y  u 2 ( x, z )}
where R is the projection of D onto the xz-plane and
35
 u2 ( x , z ) f ( x, y, z ) d y  dA

D
f ( x, y, z ) dV  
R
 u1 ( x , z ) 
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TYPE 2 AND TYPE 3
例題 5 Find D z dV , where D is bounded by x  y, z  0, y  0 and the

cylinder x 2  z 2  1 .
此題  D
z dV 可改寫成下列任何一個:

1 x 1 x 2 1 1 x 2 x
(a)  0
dx  dy 
0 0
z dz (b)  0 dx  0 dz  0 z dy

1 1 z 2 x 1 1 z 2 1 z 2
(c) 0 dz  0 dx  0 z dy (d) 0 dz  0 dy  y z dx

1 1 1 z 2 1 1 y 2 1 z 2
(e) 0 dy  y dx  0 z dz (f) 0 dy  0 dz  y z dx

不論用哪一式其值均相同

1 x 1 x 2 1 1 x 1 x 2 1 x21 x
 0
dx  dy 
0 0
z dz  
0
dx  z 2
02 0
dy   
0 0 2
dy dx

1 1  x2 x 1  x x3 
 0 y dx  0    dx
2 0
2 2 
36
1
 x2 x4  1
   
 4 8  0
8
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point M in 3-dimensional space is
represented by the ordered triple ( r ,  , z ) , where (r ,  ) is polar coordinate of the
projection of M onto the xy-plane and z is the directed distance from the xy-plane
to M. Cylindrical coordinates are useful in problems that involve symmetry about
an axis, and the z-axis is chosen to coincide with this axis of symmetry.

M (r ,  , z )

0 r
0    2
y   z  
r
 P (r ,  )
37
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE

If f is continuous on D:      , g1 ( )  r  g 2 ( ) , h1 (r ,  )  z  h2 (r ,  ) ,
then

 D
f ( x, y, z ) dV
  r  g 2 ( ) z  h2 ( r , )
  [ f (r cos  , r sin  , z ) dz ] r drd
  r  g1 ( ) z  h1 ( r , )

  g 2 ( ) h2 ( r , )
   d  g ( ) r dr [  h ( r , ) f (r cos , r sin  , z ) dz ]
1 1
z
z
D

z  h2 ( r ,  )  z

z  h1 (r ,  ) (r, , z)

基本分割逼近體
 y

x r y
r  g1 ( ) R
r
38

r  g 2 ( )

x
  
(a) (b)
V  r r  z
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
例題 6 Evaluate the triple integral in cylindrical coordinates

2 4 x 2 4 x 2  y 2 z
0 0 0 dzdydx
x y
2 2

令 x  r cos , y  r sin  則 x 2  y 2  r 2 。

由 D 的範圍: 0  x  2, 0  y  4  x 2 , 0  z  4  x 2  y 2


知 0   , 0  r  2, 0  z  4  r 2 。因此
2
2 4 x 2 4 x 2  y 2 z
 0 0  0
x2  y2
dzdydx


2 4r 2 z
 2
 r dzdrd
0 0 0 r
 4r 2
 1 2
2
 0
2
 0  2 z  drd 
0


1 2
   0 (4  r ) drd 
2 2

2 0

 2
1  1 3
39

2  0
2
 4 r  3 r  d
 0
1  8 4
 8   
2  3 2 3
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE
例題 7 試用柱面坐標來求 D 的體積,

D 是位於第一卦限,在柱面 r  1 以內,且介於面 z  0 及平面 3x  2 y  6 z  6

之間的固體。
6  3x  2 y x y r cos  r sin 
由 D 的位置知: 0  z   1   1 
6 2 3 2 3
所以
z
 r cos r sin
1 1 
V   02 0 0 2 3 r dzdrd


1  r cos r sin  
  02  0 r 1    drd  1
2 3 
2x  2 y  6z  6
 1
1 2 1 3 1 3 
 0
2
 2 r  6 r cos  9 r sin   d
r 0


1 1 1
  02  cos  sin  d 2
2 6 9
r 1 3
 x
 1 1  2 y
  sin   cos   40
2 6 9  0

 5
 
4 18
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN SPHERICAL COORDINATE
In the spherical coordinate system, a point M in 3-dimensional space is
represented by the ordered triple (r ,  ,  ) , where r | OM | is the distance from
the origin to M,  is the angle between the positive z-axis and the segment OM,
 is the same angle as in the cylindrical coordinates.
設 M ( x, y, z ) 是空間中一點,它在 xy 平面上的投影 P ( x, y, 0) 。若 OM 的長是

r (0  r  ) , 是有向線段 OM 與 z  之間的夾角 (0     ) , 是過 P, O,

M 的平 面與 xz 平 面 的 交角 (0    2 ) ,則 稱 ( r ,  ,  ) 為 M 的 球面坐標
z
(Spherical coordinate)。 B

M
0r 
r 0 

0    2
0 z
y
41
x 
A P
y
x
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN SPHERICAL COORDINATE
例題 8 Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the solid that lies

between two spheres : x 2  y 2  z 2  4 and x 2  y 2  z 2  1 .


由直觀可知此區域的體積為

4 4 28
V   ( 23 )   13  
3 3 3

現在我們用球面坐標來求此結果。首先,由於對稱的關 係,只要求出在第一卦
限的體積再乘以 8 即可得 V。在第一卦限的區域 D 為

 
D:0  , 0   , 1 r  2
2 2 z z
  0
因此 0 x2  y2  z2  9
 2
 
2
V  8  1
0
2
 
0
2
1
r 2 sin  drd d
 3
x2  y 2  z 2  4
  r 2
1 3 
 8 2
 2
 3 r  sin  dd
0 0
  r 1 y z  x2  y2
56 2 2
  

3 0 0
 sin  dd 4
 
x
x2  y2  z2  1 
 0
y 42
56 2  x
3 0
 [  cos  ] 02 d 2
(a ) ( b)

56 28
 [ ] 02 
3 3
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN SPHERICAL COORDINATE
例 題 9 設 f ( x, y , z )  x 2  y 2  z , D 是 介 於 圓 錐 面 z  x 2  y 2 和球面

x 2  y 2  z 2  9 之間且在圓錐面內的區域,求 D f dV 。

f ( x, y , z )  x 2  y 2  z
 r 2 sin 2  cos 2   r 2 sin 2  sin 2   r cos 
 r 2 sin 2   r cos 

D : 0  r  3, 0    2 ,又圓錐 z  x 2  y 2 與 yz 平面交於折線 z  | y | ,因


此 0  。
4

43
TRIPLE INTEGRALS 三重積分
- TRIPLE INTEGRAL IN SPHERICAL COORDINATE
例 題 9 設 f ( x, y , z )  x 2  y 2  z , D 是 介 於 圓 錐 面 z  x 2  y 2 和球面

x 2  y 2  z 2  9 之間且在圓錐面內的區域,求 D f dV 。

2 3
故 
D
f dV  
0  
0
4
0
(r 2 sin 2   r cos  ) r 2 sin  drd d

 r 3
2 r 5 r4 
  4
 sin  
3
cos  sin   dd
0 0
5 4  r 0

2  243 3 81 
  4
 5 sin   4 cos  sin   dd
0 0
 

2  243 81 
  4
 5 (1  cos 2
 ) sin   cos  sin   dd
0 0
 4 

2  243  cos   81 2 
3 4
  
  cos     sin  
 8 d
0
 5  3    0

2 81
 (37  20 2 ) d 44
0 80
81
 (37  20 2 )  55.5
40
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL

Definition

The Jacobian of the transformation r given by

x  g (u , v), y  h(u , v )

x x
u v x y x y
Is J (u , v )     
y y u v v u
u v

45
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL

Theorem
If g, h have continuous first-order partial derivatives and the
Jacobian J (u , v)  0 , and that maps a region U in the uv-plane onto a
region D in the xy-plane. Suppose that f is continuous on D and r is
one-to-one, except perhaps on the boundary of U. Then


D
f ( x, y ) dA   f ( x(u , v), y (u , v)) J (u , v) du dv
U

46
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
Theorem (Change of Variables Formula in Polar Coordinates)
在這裡,用 r ,  代替 u, v :

x  x(r ,  )  r cos , y  y (r ,  )  r sin  ,

為了使函數 ( x(r ,  ) , y (r ,  )) 為一對一,我們限制 r  0 且   [ ,  ) ,

因此

x y
cos sin 
J (r ,  )  r r  r,
x y
 r sin  r cos
 

所以  D
f ( x, y ) dx dy   f (r cos  , r sin  ) r dr d 。
U

 y

 
    的影像
x  r cos 47
rc
y  r sin 
r  c 的影像
r x
c
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
例題 1 Find  D a 2  x 2  y 2 dxdy ,where D : x 2  y 2  a 2 and x  0, y  0 .
  
令 x  r cos , y  r sin  則 U  [0, a ]  0,  映至 D
 2

a
原式   a  r rdrd     r a 2  r 2 ddr
2 2 2
U 0 0

 a  a3
  r a  r dr 
2 2

2 0 6

48
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
例 題 2 若 線 性 變 換 : x  x(u, v)  Au  Bv , y  y (u, v)  Au  B v , 其 中
A, B, C , D 為常數,且 J (u , v)  AB   BA  0 ,則函數 ( x(u, v) , y (u , v)) 是一

對一,且  D
f ( x, y ) dx dy  | AB   BA |  f ( Au  Bv , Au  B v) du dv
U

49
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
yx

例題 3 Find  D e yx
dxdy ,where D is bounded by y  2  x , x  0 , y  0 .

vu vu 1
令 u  y  x ,v  y  x 則 x , y ,且 J (u , v)  。直線
2 2 2
x  0  v  u , y  0  v  u 且 y  2  x  v  2 。故 U 是由 v  2 , v  u 及

v  u 所圍區域。 v y
2 v2
y x
1 2
 dxdy   e v dudv
u
所以 e y x
uv y  2 x
D 2 U u  v
U 1
1 2 v u D
   e v dudv 1
u x
2 0 v 0 1 2
1 2  1
  v  e   dv
2 0  e
1 1
  e    [v ]0
2 2

4 e
1 50
 e
e
CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
例題 4 在 11.2 所學的柱面坐標也是一種變數變換,在這裡分別用 r ,  , z 來
z z

代替 u, v, w 。 z  常數
x  r cos
 x  x(r ,  , z )  r cos , y  r sin  r  常數
  z z
  常數
y
定義:  y  y ( r ,  , z )  r sin  ,

 z  z (r ,  , z )  z r x

為 了 讓 函 數 ( x( r ,  , z ) , y (r ,  , z ) , z (r ,  , z )) 為 一 對 一 , 我 們 限 制

r  0 ,   [ ,  ) 且

cos sin  0
J (r ,  , z )   r sin  r cos 0 r
0 0 1

所 以 51

 D f ( x, y, z ) dxdydz   U f ( r cos , r sin  , z ) r drd dz


CHANGE OF VARIABLES IN MULTIPLE
INTEGRAL
例題 5 球面坐標:用 r ,  ,  分別取代 u, v, w 。

 x  x(r ,  , )   cos  sin  r  0  y

   常數
定義  y  y (r ,  , )   sin  sin  0    2 x  r cos sin 
y  r sin  sin 
( x, y , z )

 z  z (r ,  , )   cos  r r  常數

0
z  r cos  


  常數
 z
 r cos 

x r sin 
r

cos sin  sin  sin  cos 


J (,  , )   r sin  sin  r cos  sin  0
r cos  cos  r sin  cos   r sin 
  r 2 sin 
因此

 f ( x, y, z )dxdydz
D
52
  f (r cos sin , r sin  sin , r cos ) r 2
sin  dr dd
U

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