by

Dr.
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Analysis of Laminated Composites
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Laminated Structures (Laminates)
A laminate is constructed by stacking a number of laminas
in the by
thickness (z) direction .
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Several
Laminae or
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A
Laminate
 Types of Laminates and Lamination Code
Unidirectional laminate:
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In a unidirectional laminate, fiber
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orientation angles are the same in all
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laminas. In unidirectional 0°
laminates, For example, θ = 0° in all
laminas.
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Angle-ply laminate: MED,
In an angle-ply laminate, fiber
orientation angles in alternate NITC
layers are /θ/-θ/ θ/-θ/ when θ≠ 0°
or 90°.
 Contd….
Cross- ply laminate : In a cross- ply laminate, fiber
by angles in alternate layers are /0°/90°/0°/90°/
orientation
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Symmetric laminate: In a symmetric
laminate, the ply orientation is
symmetrical about the centerAli,
line
of the laminate MED,
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 Contd…
by
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 Contd…
by
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Quasi-isotropic laminate: These laminates are made of three or
more laminas of identical thickness and material with equal
Ali, lamina.
angles between each adjacent
Examples: [+60/0/-60], [+45/0/-45/90], [0/+60/-60], [0/+45/-45/90]
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These laminates exhibit in plane isotropic elastic behavior.

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A very common and widely used quasi-isotropic symmetrical
stacking sequence is [0/±45/90]s
 Lamination Theory
Useful in calculating the stresses and strains in
by each lamina of a thin laminated structure
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Assumptions: Mubarak
1. Laminate is thin and wide (Width >> thickness)
2. A perfect interlaminar bond exists between various laminas
3. Strain distribution in theAli,
thickness direction is linear
4. MED,
All laminas are macroscopically homogeneous and behave in a
linearly elastic manner.

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 Laminate Geometry
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The total thickness of laminate is ‘h’.
Thickness of various laminas (plies) are t1, t2, t3…. tj, .... tN.
The distance from midplane to 1st ply in thickness direction is h1.
 Laminate Strains
Assumption 3 – Laminate strains are linearly related to the
by
distance from the midplane (Strain distribution in thickness
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direction is linear)
Strain at any plane at aMubarak
distance z from the midplane is given by

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 Laminate Forces and Moments
In plane forces, bending loads and twisting loads applied on a laminate
by
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Applied forces are related to midplane strains and curvatures by the
following equations
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 Contd…
Applied moments are related to the midplane strains and
by
curvatures by the following equations
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In matrix notation
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 Contd…
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 Contd…
A11, A12, A22 – Relates in plane normal forces to mid plane normal strains
by
A16, A26 – Couples in plane normal forces to mid plane shear strain &
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Couples in plane shear force to mid plane normal strains
A66 - Relates in plane shear force to mid plane shear strain
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B11, B12, B22 – Couples in plane normal forces to bending curvatures &
Couples bending moments to mid plane normal strains
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B16, B26 – Couples in plane normal forces to twisting curvatures &
Couples twisting moments to mid plane normal strains
B66 MED,
- Couples shear force to twisting curvature &
Couples twisting moment to mid plane shear strain
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D11, D12, D22 – Relates in plane bending moments to bending curvatures
D16, D26 – Couples in plane bending moment to twisting curvature &
Couples in plane twisting moment to bending curvatures
D66 - Relates in plane twisting moment to twisting curvature
 Symmetric Laminate
For Symmetric Laminate
by
Coupling Stiffness Matrix [B] = 0
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Elements in the Stiffness Matrices
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 Problem 1
Determine [A], [B] and [D] for [+45/-45] angle ply laminate.
by Each lamina is 6 mm thick
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 Problem 2
Determine [A], [B] and [D] for [+45/0/-45] symmetric
laminate.
by
Each lamina is 6Dr.
mm thick
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 Problem 3
Determine in-plane stress at the top most layer of [+45/-
by
45]s symmetric laminate. Each lamina is 6 mm thick.
Nxx = 100 kN/m, NDr.
yy = 50 kN/m, Mxx = 2 kN
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