Security Level:

Handover

Sanjaya Weerakoon
13/03/2008
www.huawei.com

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Content

 Introduction and purpose of handover

 Process of Handover

 Types of Handover

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Introduction and Purpose of HO

 Handover can maintain the communication continuity of MS which

moves across different cells and lower the call drop rate and provide
better communication service.
To keep a continuous communication with a moving MS
To improve network service performance
To reduce the call drop rate
To reduce the congestion rate

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Process DL Level serving cell
DL Quality serving cell
MS BA2 table DL Level neighbor cells
Measurements
BTS UL Level
UL Quality
Measurement reporting Timing advance
MS → BTS

Adjacent cell Relation Table Module number

MR preprocessing BTS BCCH Cell Description Table cell number
BSIC External Cell Description Table CGI

Penalty processing

BSC Target cell list

Cell Ranking

Handover Judgement

MS
Handover execution BTS
BSC
MSC

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Process
Measurements RXQUAL: Function of BER (Defined by GSM 05.08)

Measurement reporting

MR preprocessing

Penalty processing

RXLEV: Average per SACCH period

Cell Ranking
Mapped as RXLEV value

Handover Judgement

Handover execution

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Process
Measurements

Generate by
Measurement reporting BTS

MR preprocessing

Penalty processing Generate by

MS

Cell Ranking

Handover Judgement

FULL -- Averaging 100 TCH bursts

Handover execution (except the four idle frames in the four 26-multiframes)
SUB -- Averaging 12 bursts
SUB → DTX

(four SACCH bursts and eight TCH bursts in specific

position)
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Process
Measurements Interpolate ---- Add MR when missing

Measurement reporting Continuous MR

flow

MR MR
MR preprocessing MR MR MR

Measurement Measurement report

report No. n No. n+4
Penalty processing

Watch Time
Filter----Average several continuous MR
Cell Ranking Valid Time

Continuous MR
Handover Judgement flow

MR MR MR
MR MR
MR
Handover execution

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Process
Measurements

Measurement reporting

MR preprocessing

Penalty processing

Cell Ranking

Handover Judgement

Handover execution

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 Process
Measurements
Measurement reporting
MR preprocessing
Penalty processing
Cell Ranking
Handover Judgement
Handover execution
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
M rule —— received signal level → generate candidate cell list
For serving cell
RX_LEV (o) >MSRXMIN(o) + MAX(0,Pa(o))
For Neighbor cell
RX_LEV (n) > MSRXMIN(n)+ MAX(0,Pa(n))+ OFFSET
Pa(0) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(0) – P
Pa(n) : MS_TXPWR_MAX(n) – P
MS_TXPWR_MAX( ) : The appointed MS transmitting power by the BSS.
P : Max_Power_of_MS
Max_Power_of_MS : MS maximum transmitting power
Min DL level 0n Candidate cell
K rule —— received signal level → rank candidate cell list
16 bit ranking —— calculate 16 bit value and rank
Huawei Confidential Page 11
Process - 16 bit ranking

 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level and the penalty process
taking place beforehand.
max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell
level ranges from 000~110.cell with the strongest signal level is 000.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Process - 16 bit ranking

 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis.
serving cell is always 0
Neighbor cell
# receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The receiving
level of the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer
) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 0.
# receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of
the serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer )
hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 1.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Process - 16 bit ranking

 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position in Huawei hierarchical
network structure.
# When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving cell is lower than the
layer HO threshold and hysteresis, this function is turned off and all bits are set to 0.
# Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be further divided
into 16 different priorities.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Process - 16 bit ranking

The 11th bit: bit value is decided by cell-load-sharing criterion.

Serving cell:
if Cell Load>= Start threshold of load HO, bit 11th is set to 1,
otherwise is set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if Cell Load>=Receive threshold of load HO, bit 11th is
set to 1, otherwise is set to 0.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Process - 16 bit ranking

12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.

Serving cell: is always set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0, otherwise is set to 1.
When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower than layer HO
threshold and hysteresis. This function is turned off and the value is set to 0.
If the parameter – “Co-BSC/MSC Adj.” in the HO control table is set to “No”, then this
function is turned off and the value is 0.
13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter, having the same concept as the
12th bit.

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Process - 16 bit ranking

14th bit: Layer HO threshold adjustment bit

15th bit: Bit value is decided by cell type

16th bit: Reserved bit

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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 Process
Measurements

Measurement reporting

MR preprocessing

Penalty processing

Cell Ranking

Handover Judgement

Handover execution

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 Process
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
Measurements MSC
MS BTS1 BSC BTS2 MS
Measurement Report from MS
Measurement reporting Channel_Active

Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
MR preprocessing
Handover Access
Handover_Detect
Penalty processing PHY INFO
PHY INFO
First SABM
Cell Ranking
Establish_IND
Handover Complete
Handover Judgement Handover_Performed

Handover execution HO-REQUIRED

HO-REQUEST

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Types of HO
 Emergency HO
 TA HO
 BQ HO
 interference HO
 Rx_Level_Drop HO
 Load HO
 Normal HO
 Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO
 Fast moving HO
 Overlaid/underlaid HO

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TA&Bad Quality HO

 TA HO criterion :
 TA of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.
 BQ HO criterion :
 The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell >
UL Qual. Thrsh.
 The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell > DL
Qual. Thrsh.
 Requirements on the target cell
 Select the first cell in the neighbor cell list

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Rx_Level_Drop HO

 Rx_Level_Drop HO
 Due to downlink signal level drop
 Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS busy mode.

 Requirements for the target cell:

 The target cell is the first cell in the neighbor cell list.

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Interference HO

 Interference HO (DL&UL) :
 When the receiving level > receiving threshold level.
 But Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference.

 Requirements for the target cell:

 The target cell is in the cell list.

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Cell Load HO

 Cell Load HO Criterions :

 System load of BSC < Permissible load of HO threshold
 Load of serving cell > Load HO threshold
 Requirements for the target cell
 Load of target cell < Load HO threshold

BTS

BSC

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Edge HO

 Edge HO Criterion:
 In N seconds, when there are P seconds that neighbor cell’s DL or MS’s UL
signal level is lower than the Edge HO threshold. Then the criterion is met
and Edge HO occurs. This method utilizes the P/N rule.
 Requirements for the target cell:
 The target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.

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Layer HO

 Layer HO criterions:
 Serving cell :
 No requirement.
 Target cell :
 Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell.
 Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold + layer cell hysteresis.
 Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell. The priority of target cell
should be higher than the serving cell’s.

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 PBGT HO

 PBGT HO Criterions :
 Target cell’s path loss is smaller than the serving cell’s path loss by the
PBGT threshold value.
 Satisfying the P/N rule.
 Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
 Note :
 PBGT HO can only occur between same-priority cell. If the system permits
PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO can occur in either inter-BSC or inter-
MSC.

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Fast-Moving HO

 When the serving cell is micro cell :

 When the MS has traveled through P numbers of cell, and there are Q (=<P)
numbers of cell that the MS has traveled in high speed, the criteria is
satisfied. MS will be handed over to umbrella cell.
 When the serving cell is umbrella cell :
 When the MS is traveling high speed in umbrella cell, a greater penalty can
be given to the micro cell for a duration of time (penalty time). In this way,
the MS will not use the micro cell. Note :In this case, the micro cell is only
used under urgency conditions( Poor TA and BQ ).

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Normal Overlaid/Underlaid HO
 Criterion for HO from overlaid to underlaid:
 TA value => TA threshold + TA hysteresis OR
 RX_LEV <= RX_LEV threshold － RX_LEV hysteresis OR
 Qua. =>Qua. threshold
 Satisfying P/N rule
 Criterion for HO from underlaid to overlaid:
 TA value =< TA threshold － TA hysteresis AND
 RX_LEV >=RX_LEV threshold + RX_LEV hysteresis AND
 Qua. =<Qua. threshold
 Satisfying P/N rule

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 Thank You

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