CALL PROCESSING IN CDMA

MOBILE INITIALIZATION

INITIALISATION

IDLE

ACCESS

TRAFFIC
MOBILE TRANSITION INTO DIFFERENT STATES

POWER-UP

Mobile
Initialization
State

Mobile
Idle
State

Mobile
System Access
State

Mobile
Traffic Channel
State
 SERVICE SIGNALLING LAYER

PILOT:
Power,phase,timing
INITIALIZATION
PILOT & SYNCH
INITIALIZATION
COMPLETE
Overhead info
PAGING IDLE
Mobile Direct
Messages BASE STATION
ACCESS

ACCESS SYSTEM ACCESS

Access messages
CALL SETUP

TRAFFIC Voice TRAFFIC CHANNEL

Messages
 MOBILE INITIALIZATION TO IDLE STATE

MOBILE SWITCHED ON

SCAN PN OFFSET 1-512

& MEASURE PILOT SIGNAL
STREGTH

NO
SELECT BEST SIGNAL
PN OFF SET PILOT

READ SYNCH
CHANNEL
SID/NID

YES

READ PAGING
MOBILE IS NOW
CHANNEL
IN IDLE MODE
MOBILE- PILOT CHANNEL ACQUISTION SUBSTATE

SCAN ALL PILOTS

All PN Offsets
PILOT SEARCHER SCANS THE ENTIRE RANGE OF PNs
0

Ec/Io
-20

Chips 0 32 K
PN 0 512
Rake Fingers
Handset RAKE RECEIVER 1

F1 PN168 W32 2

RF F2 PN168 W32
3

F3 PN168 W32
LO
Srch PN?? W0
Reference PN
Go to Paging Channel, Get Configured

Read the Configuration Messages

Access Parameters Msg

System parameters Msg

CDMA Channel List Msg

Extended System Parameters Msg

Neighbor List Msg

Global Service Redirection Msg

 MOBILE IDLE STATE

Idle Handoffcomplete
Mobile Initialization
State

Mobile has fully

Mobile unable to acquired system Idle Handoff
Receive Paging timing
Channel Page Channel
Monitor & Pilot
Search
Sub state
• Call Termination
Mobile receives • Call Origination
Acknowledgement to an • Registration
Access transmission
Other than origination or Mobile System
Page response Access State
Slotted Mode & Quick Paging Channel

 Objective
To extend the battery life of a mobile in slotted mode by reducing
the time the mobile spends monitoring paging channels.

 Slotted Mode
Paging channel divided into slots and slot cycles. Mobile monitors
specific slot in a slot cycle.

 F-QPCH Functionality
Paging or configuration change indicators is sent out on the
F-QPCH 100ms prior to the message on the F-PCH.

If the mobile cannot detect an indicator to be “off”, the mobile will

read the F-PCH slot immediately following the F-QPCH slot.
 ACCESS PROCEDURE

Persistence
Test

tg

1 2 3 Np 1 2 3 Np Time
Probe
SEQUENCE 1 2 Ns

IP= -Mean Rx Power(dbm) +

OpenloopAdjust + ProbeInitialAdjust

PowerStep

IP tg
ACCESS HANDOFF FEATURES

Mobile (MS) searching for pilots Active-

Neighbors-Remaining State

No
Origination BS sends general
Page to MS
Yes
Access Entry
Handoff

MS performs access attempt. Up to

6 strongest pilots ind.
Active pilot in msg capsule

Access
Handoff

Mobile Traffic Channel Assignment into

Channel State Soft Handoff (CAMSHO)
 The Traffic Channel State
MS call termination MS receives From Mobile System
An Acknowledge order on Access State
Forward traffic channel
MS cell origination
MS receives an
Traffic
Acknowledge order
MS receives Waiting for Channel
On forward Traffic
Release Order Initialization
Order Channel
State
Sub state MS receives an
Alert order
MS receives
Release order
Waiting for MS user Conversation
Mobile Answers Sub State
Answer call
Sub state

MS user
Disconnects or MS
Release Receives Release
Sub State Order

To Mobile
Initialization State
 CONVERSATION SUBSTATE

 Messages being sent on the traffic channel

 Continuous confirmation of the traffic channel

 Locating handoff candidates

 Performing handoffs

 Power control

 Overload control

 Other call activities

 REGISTRATION

BSC

HLR

NAME
 MIN
 ESN
 Location
 Desired Slot Cycle
 Station Class Mark
 Billing Information

…
…
…
TYPES OF REGISTRATION
 AUTONOMOUS
• Power up

• Power down

• Timer based

• Distance based

• Zone based

 NON-AUTONOMOUS

• Parameter Change

• Ordered

• Implicit

• Traffic Channel
 HANDOFFS
• Idle Handoff – when the mobile is in Idle state, the mobile may move from one cell to
another

• Handoff During Access

Access Entry Handoff
Access Probe Handoff
Access Handoff
Channel Assignment into Soft Handoff

• Soft Handoff – make-before-break type of handoff

• Inter Frequency handoff – when the mobile has to retune to a different CDMA frequency

• Traffic Channel Handoffs

Soft Handoff
Soft-Softer Handoff
Softer Handoff
Hard Handoff
 CDMA Soft Handoff Mechanics

Handset RAKE RECEIVER

F1 PN168 W32
Base Station A Voice,
RF F2 PN168 W32
MSC Data,
Messages
F3 PN168 W32
LO
Srch PN?? W0
Pilot
Ec/Io
Base Station B
 The Pilot Searching Process

Mobile reports
Results of search to
Base Station

Mobile Searches Base Station

for strong Alters Pilot Sets
pilot signals If necessary
The Pilot Searching Process

ACTIVE SET

CANDIDATE SET

NEIGHBOR SET

REMAINING SET
 Handoff Signalling

Pilot
Strength
T_ADD

T_DROP

(!) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Time

Neighbor Set Candidate Active Set Neighbor

set Set
 Why Power Control

 Objectives
Maximum QOS
Maximum capacity
Minimize interference

 Power Control Algorithm

Forward Link Power Control(FLPC, FPC)
Reverse Link Power Control(RLPC, RPC)

Power Control is required

• Near-far Problems
• Path loss
• Fading
• Performance Objectives
 Power Control

Mobile Tx Power (dBm) =

OPEN LOOP
k – Mobile Receive Power(dBm)
+ Parameters
+ Access Probe Corrections

+ CLOSED LOOP Corrections (dB)

 Reverse Link Power Control

 Two separate algorithms

 Reverse Open Loop (Autonomous Control)

Performed in the mobile

Adjust for path loss

Output Power based on received signal strength

Tx power = - [Mean Received Signal Strength] + correction_factors

 Reverse Closed Loop (Base Station Directed Control)

Base Station directs mobile to adjust power

Controls frame error rate of signal received at the serving base station

Consists of an inner loop and an outer loop

Reverse Link Closed Loop Power Control

 Base Station sends power control bits

800 controls per second (800 Hz)

 Closed Outer Loop (at base station)

Calculates Ec/Io set point

Based on R-FCH frame error rates

 Closed Inner Loop (at base station)

Compare Ec/Io set point with measured Ec/Io

Send power control bits(up/down) to mobile

 Mobile Adjust its power

Based on power control bits from base station

Step size of its adjustable

 Forward Link Power Control

 Reverse Link Closed Loop process is adopted

 Mobile sends power control bits on R-PICH

800 control per second (800 Hz)

Based on Eb/Nt and FER objectives

 Base station received power control bits

Variable power step size controlled by the base station

 VOCODERS

 Vocoders compress speech, reduce bit rates

 CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder

Full rate during speech
Low rates in speech pauses
Increased capacity
more natural sound

 Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be

mixed in CDMA frames
 Variable Rate Vocoder
Vocoder Data Rates
Rate set 1: 9600bps Tx Rate

Vocoder Rate Tx Rate

Full 8550 9600
Half 4000 4800
Quarter 2000 2400
Eighth 800 1200

Vocoder Data Rates

Rate set 2: 14.4Kbps Tx Rate

Vocoder Rate Tx Rate

Full 13300 14400
Half 6200 7200
Quarter 2700 3600
Eighth 1000 1800
 Variable Rate Vocoder

Eighth Quarter Half Half Full

Rate Rate Rate Rtae Rate

24 bits 48 bits 96 bits 96 bits 192 bits

20 msec 20 msec 20 msec 20 msec 20 msec

 Rate Sets
Mode bit

Full Rate 1 171 bits 12 bit CRC 8 Tail bits

Half Rate 80 bits 8 bit CRC 8 Tail bits

Quarter Rtae 40 bits 8 Tail bits

Eighth Rate 16 bits 8 Tail bits

Rate Set 1