English Business 2

Lecture 1
Dea Adlina
 Today’s lecture
1. Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier.
2. Verb Phrases & Tenses:
– Verb Phrases: Two word verbs
– Tenses: Past, Present, and Future
3. Subject – Verb Agreement
– Singular Subject
– Plural Subject
– Either, Neither
– Any + …
– No + …
– Some + …
– Every + …
– Gerunds as Subject
– Collective Nouns, etc
Review

SUBJECT, VERB, COMPLEMENT &

MODIFIER
 Subject, Verb, Complement & Modifier

• Subject: a person or a noun or an adjective that is being

discussed, described, or dealt with.

• Verb: a word used to describe an action, state, or

occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a
sentence.

• Complement: a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to

complete the meaning of a given expression

• Modifier: an optional element in phrase or clause structure

used to modify (change the meaning of) another element
in the structure, on which it is dependent.
 Examples
1. Trees          grow
Subject         Verb

2. She            opened        her book
Subject           Verb        Complement

3. Henry and Marcia    have visited     the president

Subject                 Verb Phrase        Complement

4. George       is cooking          dinner                 tonight

Subject       Verb Phrase     Complement       Modifier of Time

5. She        opened      a checking account      at the bank             last week

Subject      Verb             Complement          Modifier of Place     Modifier of Time
 Subject
Noun (phrase) or pronoun The tiny cat jumped outside our house.

A gerund (phrase) Her excessive bragging was annoying.

A to-infinitive (phrase) To sing is easier than to act.

That he had won the war was known to

A full that-clause
everyone.

A free relative clause Wherever he went was always a

disaster.
A direct quotation I love you is often heard these days.
Zero (but implied) subject Open the door!
An expletive it It is raining.

A cataphor it It was known by everyone that he had

won the war.
Review Verb Phrases

TWO WORD VERBS

 Two word verbs
Phrasal verbs

• A verb and a preposition wivh together have a

special meaning.
– It is especially common in informal English

• Separable phrasal verbs

I handed in my paper yesterday.
I handed it in yesterday.

• Nonseparable phrasal verbs

I ran into an old friend yesterday.
 Two word verbs
Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs Meaning

1. Put off 1. Postpone
2. Drop by 2. Visit informally
3. Look up 3. Look for information
4. Turn down 4. Decrease volume or
intensity OR Reject OR
Refuse
5. Take over 5. Take control
6. Hang up 6. Conclude a telephone
conversation

and many more

Review Tenses

PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE

Present
 Present

Subject + Auxiliary Verb

Subject + V1 + V-ing
 Present

Subject + have + V3 Subject + have been

(Past Participle Form) + V-ing
Past
 Past

Subject + was/were +
Subject + V2 V-ing
 Past

Subject + had + V3 Subject + had been

(Past Participle Form) + V-ing
Future
 Future

Subject + will / be Subject + will / (aux)

going to + V1 going to + be + V-ing
 Future

Subject
Subject + will have
+ will have been
+ V3
+ V-ing
 Will or be going to?
Prediction
• According to the weather report, it will be / is going to be cloudy
tomorrow.
• Be careful! You’ll hurt yourself!
• Watch out! You’re going to hurt yourself!

Prior plan Willingness

A: Why did you buy this paint? A: The phone’s ringing.
B: I’m going to paint my B: I’ll get it
bedroom tomorrow.

I talked to Bob yesterday. He is A: I don’t understand this

tired of taking the bus to work. problem.
He’s going to buy a car. That’s B: Ask your teacher about it.
what he told me. She’ll help you.
Expressions of Quantity

USING SOME, ANY, MUCH, MANY, A

LOT OF, EVERY, AND A FEW
 COUNT or NONCOUNT ??
Common NONCOUNT nouns

• Whole groups made up of similar items:

baggage, money/cash/change, jewelry, food, fruit

• Fluids:
Water, coffee, tea, oil

• Solids:
Ice, meat, gold, iron, paper

• Gases:
Steam, air, oxygen, smoke, pollution

• Particles:
Rice, corn, dust, hair, salt
 COUNT or NONCOUNT ??
Common NONCOUNT nouns
• Abstractions:
Beauty, confidence, time, work, grammar, peace, help, honesty

• Languages:
Arabic, English, Japanese

• Field of study:
Chemistry, literature, engineering

• Recreation:
Baseball, tennis, chess, poker

• General activity:
Driving, studying, walking (and other gerunds)

• Natural phenomena:
Weather, heat, humidity, lightning, rain
 Exercise
COUNT or NONCOUNT ??

1. Advice U
1. Advice
2. Change
2. Change C
3. City
3. City C
4. Garbage
4. GarbageU
5. Hardware U
5. Information
6. HomeworkU/C
6. Stuff
7. Information
7. Thunder U
8. Junk U
8. Luggage
9. Luggage U
9. Travelling
10. Trip C
 Expressions of Quantity Used with count nouns Used with noncount nouns
Expressions of Quantity One One apple Ø
Each Each apple Ø
Every Every apple Ø
Two Two apples Ø
Both Both apples Ø
A couple of A couple of apples Ø
Three, etc. Three apples Ø
A few A few apples Ø
Several Several apples Ø
Many Many apples Ø
A number of A number of apples Ø

A little Ø A little rice

Much Ø Much rice
A great deal of Ø A great deal of rice
Not any/no Not any/no apples Not any/no rice
Some Some apples Some rice
A lot of A lot of apples A lot of rice
Lots of Lots of apples Lots of rice
Plenty of Plenty of apples Plenty of rice
Most Most apples Most rice
All All apples All rice
 ANY

• Used in negatives

• Compare NOT vs. No:

– I do not have any money  NOT: to make a verb negative.
– I have no money  used as an adjective
 SOME and ANY
• Examples:
• There was someone in his room. (+)
– There wasn’t anyone in his room. (-)
– There was no one in his room. (-)

• We have some time to waste. (+)

– We don’t have any time to waste. (-)
– We have no time to waste. (-)
How to use

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

 Gerunds
• The –ing form of a verb used as a noun, i.e., as
a subject or an object.
S V

a) Playing tennis is fun.

Gerund phrase

S V O

b) We enjoy playing tennis.

prep O

c) He’s exited about playing tennis.

 Using IT + to Infinitive
• using gerunds as subjects
• Example of gerunds to infinitive form:
– Crouching  to crouch
– Flipping  to flip

Blaming others is an unseemly behavior

It is an unseemly behavior to blame others

• The word it refers to and has the same meaning

as the infinitive phrase at the end of the
sentence
changing Gerund into To + infinitive

A. Riding a horse is always fun.

Gerund verb

B. To ride a horse is always fun.

To + infinitive verb

C. It is always fun to ride a horse

Added verb To + infinitive
subject
 It + gerunds
• Sometimes used when the speaker is talking
about a particular situation and wants to give
the idea of “while”

• Tom was drunk. It was dangerous riding with

him.
• We were in danger while we were riding with
him.
 Exercise
Restate the sentences
1. Teasing animals is cruel.  It is cruel to tease animals.

2. It wasn’t difficult to find their house.

– Finding their house wasn’t difficult.

3. Hearing the other side of the story would be interesting.

– It would be interesting to hear the other side of the story.

4. If you know how, it is easy to float in water for a long time.

If you know how, floating in water for a long time is easy.
End of Lecture 1
Homework time!!!
 See you soon.
Have a good day!