Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Chapter 9

Pile Foundations

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Ultimate Capacity of Continuous Flight Auger

Pile (Granular Soil)

 Based
  on the pile load tests in Mississippi and Louisiana conducted by
Coleman and Arcement (2002), it has been suggested that the unit
side-skin frictional resistance in sandy and silty soils (drained
condition) can be given as
 2

 The values of can be estimated as

 (silty soil)
 (sandy soil)

 = depth in meters measured from the ground surface to the middle of

the given soil layer

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Ultimate Capacity of Continuous Flight Auger

Pile (Granular Soil)

  The value of is limited to 0.2 2.5

 L
 where p = pile diameter

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Ultimate Capacity of Continuous Flight Auger

Pile (Granular Soil)

  According to the FHWA (2007), the unit ultimate point load can
be given as
  75)
 And
 = 4300 kN/ (for > 75)
 Also
 (MN/ = 0.375 (MN/
 where qc = average cone penetration resistance between 2 to 3
pile diameters below the pile tip.

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Ultimate Capacity of Continuous Flight Auger

Pile (Cohesive Soil)
 The
  CFA pile load test results of Coleman and Arcement (2002) in
cohesive soils indicate that unit side-skin resistance can be expressed
as

 where
= (for 25 kN/ 150 kN/)
 The FHWA (2007) also recommends that the unit ultimate point
resistance can be given as
 = 0.15

 where qc = average cone resistance between 2 to 3 pile diameters

below the pile tip.

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Point Bearing Capacity of Piles Resting on Rock

 The
   ultimate unit point resistance in rock (Goodman, 1980) is approximately
 where
 =

 =drained angle of friction

 The scale effect in rock is caused primarily by randomly distributed large and
small fractures and also by progressive ruptures along the slip lines. Hence, we
always recommend that

 A factor of safety of at least 3 should be used to determine the allowable point

bearing capacity of piles. Thus,

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Pile Load Tests

 The vertical and lateral loadbearing capacity of a pile can be tested in the field.
Figure 9.27a shows a schematic diagram of the pile load arrangement for
testing axial compression in the field. The settlement of the pile is
measured by dial gauges. The amount of load to be applied for each
step will vary, depending on local building codes.

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Pile Load Tests

  

Figure 9.27b shows a load–settlement diagram obtained from field loading and
unloading. For any load Q, the net pile settlement can be calculated as follows: When
Q = Q1,
 Net settlement, = -
When Q = Q2,
 Net settlement, = -
where
= net settlement
= elastic settlement of the pile itself
= total settlement © 2016 Cengage Learning Engineering. All Rights Reserved.
8
Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Pile Load Tests

   of the methods to obtain the ultimate load Qu from the load-settlement plot is
One
that proposed by Davisson (1973). Davisson’s method is used more often in the
field and is described here. Referring to Figure 9.28, the ultimate load occurs at a
settlement level ( of
(mm) = +
where
Qu is in kN
D is in mm
= reference pile diameter or width (= 300mm)
L = Pile length (mm)
= area of pile cross section (mm2)
= Young’s modulus of pile material (kN/mm2)

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Elastic Settlement of Piles

   total settlement of a pile under a vertical working load Qw is given by
The
= + +

= settlement of pile caused by the load at the pile tip

= settlement of pile caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft

If the pile material is assumed to be elastic, the deformation of the pile shaft can
be evaluated, in accordance with the fundamental principles of mechanics of
materials, as
=
= load carried at the pile point under working load condition
= load carried by frictional (skin) resistance under working load condition
= area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
= modulus of elasticity of the pile material
The magnitude of varies between 0.5 and 0.67 and will depend on the nature of the
distribution of the unit friction (skin) resistance f along the pile shaft.

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Elastic Settlement of Piles

   settlement of a pile caused by the load carried at the pile point may be
The
expressed in the form:
=
D
= point load per unit area at the pile point =
= modulus of elasticity of soil at or below the pile point
= Poisson’s ratio of soil
= influence factor 0.85

Vesic (1977) also proposed a semi-empirical method for obtaining the magnitude
of the settlement of . His equation is
=
where
qp = ultimate point resistance of the pile
Cp = an empirical coefficient

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Elastic Settlement of Piles

   settlement of a pile caused by the load carried at the pile point may be
The
expressed in the form:
=

L = embedded length of pile

= influence factor

Vesic (1977) also proposed a simple empirical relation similar to Eq. (9.83) for
obtaining :
=
= an empirical constant = (0.93 +16 )

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

A vertical pile resists a lateral load by mobilizing passive pressure in the soil
surrounding it.

The degree of distribution of the soil’s reaction depends on

(a) the stiffness of the pile
(b) the stiffness of the soil
(c) the fixity of the ends of the pile

In general, laterally loaded piles can be divided into two major categories
(1) short or rigid piles
(2) long or elastic piles

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

The following figures show the nature of the variation of the pile
deflection and the distribution of the moment and shear force along the
pile length when the pile is subjected to lateral loading.

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

Elastic Solution
A general method for determining moments and displacements of a
vertical pile embedded in a granular soil and subjected to lateral load and
moment at the ground surface
Consider a pile of length L subjected to a lateral force Qg and a moment
Mg at the ground surface (z=0), as shown in the figure.
(a) Laterally loaded pile; (b) soil resistance on pile caused by lateral load

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

According to a simpler Winkler’s model, an elastic medium (soil in this

case) can be replaced by a series of infinitely close independent elastic
springs. Based on this assumption,
p'(kN /m)
k=
x(m)
k= modulus of subgrade reaction
p’= pressure on soil
X = deflection
The subgrade modulus for granular soils at a depth z is defined as

kz =nh z
nh = constant of modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

   the theory of beams on an elastic foundation, we can write

Using

d4 x '
EpI p 4 =p
dz
= modulus of elasticity of the pile material
= moment of inertia of the pile section

Based on Winkler’s model

p' =- kx
And combining previous equations we get

d4 x
EpI p 4 +kx=0
dz

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

Pile Deflection at Any Depth [xz(z)]

QgT 3 MgT 2
xz (z) =Ax + Bx
EpI p EpI p
Slope of Pile at Any Depth [θz(z)]
QgT 2 M gT
 z ( z )  A  B
E p Ip E p Ip
Moment of Pile at Any Depth [Mz(z)]

Mz (z) =AmQgT + BmMg

Shear Force on Pile at Any Depth [Vz(z)]
Mg
Vz ( z )  Av Q g  Bv
T
Soil Reaction at Any Depth [p’z(z)(z)]
Qg Mg
p (z) =Ap'
'
z
+ Bp'
T T2
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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

Characteristic length of the soil–pile system

EpI p
T= 5
nh

When L≥5T, the pile is considered a long pile.

For L≤ 2T, the pile is considered to be a rigid pile.

The sign conventions of x (z),q (z),M (z),V (z),p' (z) assumed in the
z z z z z
previous table are shown in the figure below.

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

  
Elastic solutions similar to those given in Eqs. 9.93 through 9.97 for piles
embedded in cohesive soil were developed by Davisson and Gill (1963)

QgR3 MgR2
xz (z) =Ax' + Bx' And Mz (z) =Am' QgR+ Bm' Mg
EpI p EpI p

A’X , BX , A’m , B’m = are coefficients

R=

Determining the value of k in determining the value of R is

= modulus of elasticity
D = pile width (or diameter)
E D4  E  = Poisson’s ratio for the soil
k  0.6512 s

s
2 
E p Ip  1  s 

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

For laterally loaded piles we have a simplified solution based on the

assumptions

(a) shear failure in soil, which is the case for short piles

(b) bending of the pile, governed by the plastic yield resistance of the pile
section, which is applicable to long piles

A solution for calculating the ultimate load resistance for short piles is
given in the figure on the next slide.

We use the equation

  '  = Rankine passive earth pressure coefficient

K p  tan  45  
2

 2

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

A similar solution for piles embedded in cohesive soil is shown in the

figure on the following slide.

0.75qu
0.75qu
With cu » = =0.375qu = undrained cohesion
FS 2

FS = factor of safety (=2)

qu= unconfined compression strength

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

The figure is used for analysis of long piles.

The yield moment of the pile is

My = SFy
S = section modulus of the pile section
Fy = yield stress of the pile material

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

Broms’s solution for estimating deflection of pile head

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

  
Deflection of the pile head, (xz(z=0)), under working load conditions can
be estimated from the figure on the following slide

For figure A

With the value of nh given in the table below

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Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI, 8 th edition Das

Laterally Loaded Piles

  
Figure B is for clay

The term K is the horizontal soil modulus and can be defined as

The following is a general range of values of K for clay soils.

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