Revisit to OLAP

What is OLAP ?
• OLAP = Online Analytical Processing
• Support (almost) ad-hoc querying for business
analyst
• Think in terms of spreadsheets
– View sales data by geography, time, or product
• Extend spreadsheet analysis model to work with
warehouse data
– Large data sets
– Semantically enriched to understand business terms
– Combine interactive queries with reporting functions
 What is OLAP ?
• Reactive Analysis tool
• Provides Multidimensional view of data
• Works with the concept of cubes
• Information via "slice, dice and rotate" method
• Various models available
 MOLAP
 ROLAP
 HOLAP
OLAP Models
 OLAP Models
• Relational OLAP (ROLAP):
• Extended relational DBMS that maps
operations on multidimensional data to
standard relations operations
• Store all information, including fact tables,
as relations
• Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP):
• Special purpose server that directly
implements multidimensional data and
operations
• store multidimensional datasets as arrays
 OLAP Models

• Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP):

• Give users/system administrators freedom to
select different partitions.
 OLAP & Cube
Cubes are used to have a data summarized, copied, or read directly

from the data warehouse.

Cubes allows
• Rapid analytical access
• Spares end users from writing language-based queries
 The Sales Cube
(Products.Clothing, Location.Delhi,Time. 98,Measures.Sales)
(Products.Clothing, Location.Mumbai,Time.97,Measures.Sales)
(Products.Groceries, Location.Pune,Time.95,Measures.Sales)
Groceries
Appliances
Clothing
95
96
Time
97
98 Product
99
Mumbai

Pune

Delhi

Location
attaa
naii
nna

katt
 OLAP vs. Data Warehouse
• OLAP and Data Warehouses are complementary.

• A Data Warehouse stores and manages data. OLAP transforms Data Warehouse data into
strategic information.

• OLAP enables decision-making about future actions.

OLAP vs. Data Warehouse
OLAP

Sales

Product
Warehouse
Budget

Store Sales
 Typical OLAP Operations
• Roll up (drill-up): summarize data
– by climbing up hierarchy or by dimension reduction
• Drill down (roll down): reverse of roll-up
– from higher level summary to lower level summary or detailed data, or
introducing new dimensions
• Slice and dice:
– project and select
• Pivot (rotate):
– reorient the cube, visualization, 3D to series of 2D planes.
• Other operations
– drill across: involving (across) more than one fact table
– drill through: through the bottom level of the cube to its back-end
relational tables (using SQL)
 OLAP Queries
• Roll up: summarize data along a
dimension hierarchy
• if we are given total sales volume per city we
can aggregate on the Location to obtain sales
per states
 OLAP Queries
client

city
New c1 10 3 21
Orleans c2 12 5 9
11 7 7
region
c3
Poznań 12 11 15 Date of
c4 sale

video CD
Camera
Video Camera CD

roll up NO
PN
22
23
8
18
30
22
 OLAP Queries

• Roll down, drill down: go from higher

level summary to lower level summary or
detailed data
• For a particular product category, find the
detailed sales data for each salesperson by
date
• Given total sales by state, we can ask for sales
per city, or just sales by city for a selected state
 OLAP Queries

c1 c2 c3
day 2
p1 44 4
p2 c1 c2 c3
p1 12 50
day 1 p2 11 8

c1 c2 c3
c1 c2 c3 sum 67 12 50
p1 56 4 50
p2 11 8
129
rollup sum
p1 110
drill-down p2 19
 OLAP Queries
• Slice and dice: select and project
• Sales of video in USA over the last 6 months
• Slicing and dicing reduce the number of
dimensions
• Pivot: reorient cube
• The result of pivoting is called a cross-
tabulation
• If we pivot the Sales cube on the Client and
Product dimensions, we obtain a table for
each client for each product value
 OLAP Queries
• Pivoting can be combined with aggregation
sale prodId clientid date amt
p1 c1 1 12
p2 c1 1 11
c1 c2 c3
p1 c3 1 50 day 2
p2 c2 1 8 p1 44 4
p1 c1 2 44 p2 c1 c2 c3
p1 c2 2 4 day 1
p1 12 50
p2 11 8

c1 c2 c3 Sum c1 c2 c3 Sum
1 23 8 50 81 p1 56 4 50 110
2 44 4 48 p2 11 8 19
Sum 67 12 50 129 Sum 67 12 50 129
 Groceries
OLAP- Slice Appliances
Clothing
95
96
97
Slice for
Year = 98 98
99

Mumbai

Pune

De lhi
Groceries

Kol katta
nnaii
Appliances

Chenna
Che
Clothing
Mumbai

Pune

Delhi

attaa
nai

katt
 Groceries
OLAP- Dice Appliances
Clothing
95
96

Dice for 97
Groceries, Clothing
98
Year = 97 & 98 and
Sales & Cost 99

Mumbai

Pune

De lhi
Groceries
Clothing

Kol katta
nnaii
Chenna
97

Che
98
Mumbai

Pune
 OLAP Queries
• Ranking: selection of first n elements (e.g. select 5
best purchased products in July)
• Others: stored procedures, selection, etc.
• Time functions
– e.g., time average
 Multi-Dimensional View
of Data

Finance Operations
Profit Volume
by Division by Plant
by Country by Shift
by Month Sales Marketing by Product
by Actual/Budget Revenue Revenue by Day
by Product by Customer
by Region by Industry
by Sales Rep by Channel
by Quarter by Week
 Multidimensional Data Model

Sales of products may be represented in

one dimension (as a fact relation) or
in two dimensions, e.g. : clients and
products
 Multidimensional Data Model

Fact relation Two-dimensional cube

sale Product Client Amt

p1 c1 12
p2 c1 11
c1 c2 c3
p1 c3 50 p1 12 50
p2 c2 8 p2 11 8
 Multidimensional Data Model

Fact relation 3-dimensional cube

sale Product Client Date Amt

p1 c1 1 12
p2 c1 1 11 c1 c2 c3
p1 c3 1 50 day 2
p1 44 4
p2 c2 1 8
p1 c1 2 44 p2 c1 c2 c3
day 1
p1 c2 2 4 p1 12 50
p2 11 8
Multidimensional Data Model and
Aggregates
• Add up amounts for day 1
• In SQL: SELECT sum(Amt) FROM SALE
WHERE Date = 1
sale Product Client Date Amt
p1 c1 1 12
p2 c1 1 11 result
p1 c3 1 50 81
p2 c2 1 8
p1 c1 2 44
p1 c2 2 4
Multidimensional Data Model and
Aggregates
• Add up amounts by day
• In SQL: SELECT Date, sum(Amt)
FROM SALE GROUP BY Date

sale Product Client Date Amt

p1 c1 1 12
p2 c1 1 11 result Date sum
p1 c3 1 50
p2 c2 1 8 1 81
p1 c1 2 44 2 48
p1 c2 2 4
Multidimensional Data Model and
Aggregates
• Add up amounts by client, product
• In SQL: SELECT client, product, sum(amt)
FROM SALE
GROUP BY client, product
 Multidimensional Data Model and
Aggregates

sale Product Client Date Amt sale Product Client Sum

p1 c1 1 12 p1 c1 56
p2 c1 1 11
p1 c2 4
p1 c3 1 50
p2 c2 1 8 p1 c3 50
p1 c1 2 44 p2 c1 11
p1 c2 2 4 p2 c2 8
Multidimensional Data Model and
Aggregates
• In multidimensional data model together
with measure values usually we store
summarizing information (aggregates)

c1 c2 c3 Sum
p1 56 4 50 110
p2 11 8 19
Sum 67 12 50 129
 Aggregates
• Operators: sum, count, max, min,
median, ave
• “Having” clause
• Using dimension hierarchy
– average by region (within store)
– maximum by month (within date)
 Cube Aggregation

Example: computing sums

c1 c2 c3
day 2 ...
p1 44 4
p2 c1 c2 c3
day 1 p1 12 50
p2 11 8

c1 c2 c3
c1 c2 c3 sum 67 12 50
p1 56 4 50
p2 11 8
129
sum
p1 110
p2 19
 Cube

* c1 c2 c3 *
p1 56 4 50 110
p2 11 8 19
day 2 c1* 67
c2 c312 * 50 129
p1 44 4 48
p2
c1 c2 c3 *
day 1
p1 *
12 44 4
50 62 48 sale(*,p2,*)
p2 11 8 19
* 23 8 50 81
 Aggregation Using Hierarchies

c1 c2 c3
day 2
p1 44 4
customer
p2 c1 c2 c3
day 1
p1 12 50 region
p2 11 8

country

re g io n A re g io n B
p1 12 50
p2 11 8
(customer c1 in Region A;
customers c2, c3 in Region B)
 Aggregation Using Hierarchies
client

city
New c1 10 3 21
Orleans c2 12 5 9
11 7 7
region
c3
Poznań 12 11 15 Date of
c4 sale

video CD
Camera
Video Camera CD
aggregation with NO 22 8 30
respect to city PN 23 18 22
 A Sample Data Cube
Date
1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q sum
c t camera
C
du video USA
o
Pr CD o
sum
Canada u
n
Mexico t
r
sum
y
 Exercise
• Suppose the AAA Automobile Co. builds a data
warehouse to analyze sales of its cars.
• The measure - price of a car

• We would like to answer the following typical

queries:
– find total sales by day, week, month and year
– find total sales by week, month, ... for each dealer
– find total sales by week, month, ... for each car model
– find total sales by month for all dealers in a given city,
region and state.
 Exercise
• Dimensions:
– time (day, week, month, quarter, year)
– dealer (name, city, state, region, phone)
– cars (serialno, model, color, category , …)

• Design the conceptual data warehouse schema

 Who Uses OLAP and Why?
• Finance department
 budgeting,
 activity-based costing (allocations),
 financial performance analysis
 financial modeling.
• Marketing department
 Market research analysis,
 sales forecasting,
 promotions analysis,
 customer analysis,
 market/customer segmentation.
 Who Uses OLAP and Why?
Contd..
• Sales department
 Sales analysis
 Sales forecasting.

• Manufacturing department
 Production planning

 Defect analysis.
 Key features of OLAP
• Multidimensional views of data
 Ability to "slice and dice";
 View financial data by scenario (for example, actual vs. budget), organization,
line items, and time
 View sales data by product, geography, channel, and time.
• Calculation-intensive capabilities
 Share calculations (percentage of total)
 Moving averages and percentage growth
• Time intelligence
 This year's vs. last year's
 This month vs. the same month last year.
• Aggregation
 Allows pre-aggregated Values
• Drill Down and Drill Up
• Pivot
Questions