Bell Ringer

List an example of a
physical change AND a
chemical change your
body undergoes each
day.
 Earth’s Mineral Resources
• Metals have been highly prized by
mankind for thousands of years.
• Tools making, art, coins, energy transmission,
jewelry.
• In this section you will learn about
Earth’s mineral resources and how
some minerals are converted to
useful metals.
 B.1 Sources and Uses of
Metals
• Human needs for resources, must be
met by chemical supplies present in
the Earth.
• Different layers of the Earth supply
different resources.
• Layers are:
– Atmosphere
– Lithosphere
– Hydrosphere
 Atmosphere
• The Atmosphere provides
– Nitrogen (78%)
– Oxygen (21%)
– Neon
– Argon
– Helium
– H2O
– CO2
 Hydrosphere
• Earth’s hydrosphere
includes all of Earth’s
water.
• The hydrosphere provides
some dissolved minerals
• A few include NaCl, Mg, S,
Ca and other elements as
ions
 Lithosphere
• Solid part of the Earth
• The Lithosphere provides the
greatest variety of chemical
resources.
– Petroleum
– Metal-bearing ores
• Three sections:
– Crust
– Mantle
– Core
 Earth’s Crust
• Topmost section of the lithosphere
• Silicates of Al, Na, Fe, Ca, Mg, K, and
other metals.
• Petroleum
• Carbonates
• Oxides
• Sulfides
 Earth’s Mantle
• 40-2900 km below our feet
• Silicates of Mg and Fe
– Lava
 Earth’s Core
• Center of the Earth
• Fe and Ni
 Mining
• Earth’s deepest mines barely scratch
surface of lithosphere (crust)
• Earth’s resources are not evenly
distributed throughout the Earth.
• No relationship between a countries
supply of resources and its size or its
population.
• Particular regions of the world are
predominate suppliers of certain
resources.
– Oil
– Diamonds
– Copper
 Let’s Look at how resources
are distributed:
• Look at page 136
• What metal might Australia wish to
obtain from America
• What metal could Australia trade with
the U.S. to obtain the resources in
question 1?
• From what nation would the U.S. obtain
nickel?
• Give examples of two trade agreement
China could make to obtain iron ore.
• What metals might Canada seek to
obtain through trade?
 Challenges in Mining
• The amount of useful ore at a site
• The percentage of metal in the ore
– Ore: a naturally occurring rock or
mineral that can be mined and metal or
other materials can be extracted
– Minerals: Solid compounds containing
the element or group of elements of
interest.
• Type of mining operation
• Distance between mine and
processing site
• Metal’s supply vs. demand
 Copper
• Copper as an example
– Consider the world wide sources of
copper
– How are these copper- bearing materials
are converted to pure copper.
– Is there a replacement?
 Copper
– One of the most widely used materials
– Second only to silver in electrical conductivity.
– Low cost
– Corrosion resistant
– Very ductile
– Most common metal for electrical wiring.
– Brass, Bronze, and other alloys are copper
based compounds
 Copper Cycle
• Copper Ore
• Reduced to Copper Metal
– Furnaces
• Molded into:
– Electrical wires, pipes, roofing, coins,
ammunition, food preparation
machinery, radiators for cars.
• Either discarded or recycled
– 21% of copper recycled
 Mining Copper
• Ores rich in copper desired.
• Ancient technologies limited copper
extraction to ores rich (80%) in
copper.
• Modern technologies, ore with as
little as 1% used.
– Copper rich ores rare.
– Will future copper supplies be rare?
 B.4 Metal Reactivity
• What determines how metals are
found in nature?
• Reactivity
– More reactive metals found in ores.
• Harder/ more difficult to process
– Less reactive metals found “free”
• Easier to process
– Refer to page 145 in textbook for
Activity Series
 Activity Series
• Table that ranks how reactive a
metal is.
– Notice that Lithium is at the top of the
list
• Most reactive metal
– Never found free in nature
– Extracted by expensive electrometallurgical
extraction
» Electricity passed though ore
» Expensive to store: highly reactive with air
– Gold is at the bottom of the list
• Least reactive
– Used in jewelry, sensitive electrical components,
 Next Class
• Prepare for lab (Friday)
– Page 142-143
• Discuss MSDS sheets and how to use
them for prelab.
 Homework
• Page 151 #1-6, 8, 9
• In 2 pages, double spaced, 12 point
New Times Romans
– Describe an historical example of how
the uneven distribution of natural
resources has had an impact on relation
between nations.
• War, trade pacts, embargos.