INHOUSE TRAINING

ON
HVAC SYSTEM
（暖通空调系统内部培训）
SESSION 1 （第一节）

FUNDAMENTAL
OF
COOLING LOAD ESTIMATION

冷负荷计算原理
By Er. KOH CHOON TEE
TOPICS OF DISCUSSION
（讨论事项）

 Introduction QH

（叙述）

3 Condenser （冷凝
 Procedure of Cooling 器）
Expansion Valve
Load Calculation 膨胀阀
Compressor
（压缩器）
（冷负荷计算流程） Evaporator （烝发
器）

 Q&A Session 1

（问与答时间） QL
System Boundary
Refrigeration Process （制冷理论循环）
 Conclusion
（总结）
LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
（热力学定律）

 Our Pride as an
Engineer

Q  m cT

身为工程师之骄傲

 Mother of HVAC
System
暖通空调学之母
Objective of Training
培训目的

 Purpose of this discussion is to offer trainees

basic concept of cooling/heating load
calculation
此课的用意是让学员们能简约了解冷热负荷计算的流程

 It is important that trainees to conduct self

study to deepen his/her understand on
cooling / heating load estimation and practice
to familiarize with the various steps and
procedures
学员们需自修以便能更有深度的了解冷热负荷计算的流
程
Cooling/Heating Load Estimation Procedures
（冷热负荷计算流程）

Climates Information
气象参数

Indoor Design Conditions

室内设计参数

Building Information
建筑参数

Load Estimation
负荷计算

Plant Selection / Analysis

设备选型与份分析

Economic Analysis
经济分析
Climatic Design Information
（气象参数）

Pressure
压力
Dry Bulb
干球
Climates Information
气象参数
Wind Speed
风速

Wet Bulb
湿球
Climatic Design Information
（气象参数）
 Meteorological Data from ASHRAE Fundamental Chapter 28
ASHRAE 气象参数

 Local Meteorological Report

当地气象报告

 Climatic Design Information is Different from Geographic Locations

各地理位置不同的地方其气象参数都不一样

 Climatic Design Information for China and Singapore are as follows:-

中国和新加坡气象设计参数 :-

Singapore （新加坡） : 33°C DB, 28.1°C WB (All year round – 全年 )

China, Shanghai （中国，上海） : Summer （夏季） 34.5°C DB, 28.5°C WB

Winter （冬季） -3°C DB, RH 78%

 Climatic Design Information will Vary with Time

气象参数是会随着时间变化
Indoor Design Condition
（室内设计参数）

Building Usage
建筑功能
Dry Bulb
干球
Indoor Design Condition
室内设计参数

Relative Humidity
相对湿度
Wet Bulb
湿球
Indoor Design Conditions
（室内设计参数）
Type of Application Summer Indoor Condition
（夏季室内设计温度与相对湿度）
（建筑功能） Recommended Commercial Practice
（推荐参数） （常用参数）
DB (°C ) RH (%) DB (°C ) RH (%) Swing (°C)

General Comfort (Residence, 23-24 45-50 23-24 55-60 1.1-1.2

Hotel, School, office etc) （一
般舒适性如住宅、酒店、学府
、办公室）
Retail Shops （商店） 24-25.5 45-50 23-24 55-60 1.1-1.2
Auditorium, Church, Bar, 24-25.5 50-55 23-24 55-60 0.6-1.1
Restaurant, Kitchen （剧院、
教堂、餐馆、厨房）
Factory （工厂） 25-26.7 45-55 23-24 50-60 1.7-3.3
Computer Room/Data Centre - - 21-23 50-55 -
Indoor Design Conditions
（室内设计参数）
Type of Application Summer Indoor Condition in China
（中国夏季室内设计温度与相对湿度）
（建筑功能） Code Requirement
（国家规范要求）
DB (°C ) RH (%)

General Comfort (Residence, Hotel,

School, etc) （一般舒适性如住宅、酒店
Alert 24 – 27 50 - 65
、学府）
注意
Retail Shops （商店） 26 - 28 50 -65
Auditorium, Church, Bar, Restaurant, 26 - 28 ≤ 65
Kitchen （剧院、教堂、餐馆、厨房）
Computer Room/Data Centre 25 - 27 45 – 65
ASHRAE Standard for Thermal Comfort
ASHRAE 舒适区标准

 There are studies in ASHRAE on the thermal

comfort level that establishes the thermal comfort
zone in relation with the season and type of indoor
activities (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-1992)
ASHRAE 研 究 成 果 给 出 了 夏 冻 季 室 内 参 数 的 舒 适 区
（ ANSI/ASHRAE 标准 55-1992

 In most design, thermal comfort recommended by

ASHRAE is usually considered but in China, energy
conservation is the prime consideration in HVAC
Design
一般的设计都会取自 ASHRAE 舒适区的推荐做设计。但在中
国，节约能源则是在设计时所须考虑的主要因素
Building Information
（气象参数）

Shading
遮阳 Building Usage
建筑功能

Location
地理位置 Building Information
建筑参数
Internal
Partition
室内分隔
Orientation
Construction
方向
Material
建筑材料
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION
METHODS （冷负荷计算法）

Cooling Load Calculation is a tedious repetitive

process involving calculating the instantaneous heat
gain as a function of time, day and month. Therefore,
different cooling load calculation methods are derived
to assist in enhancing the accuracy of the calculation
and some of these methods are designed to use with
a computer. Each method has its way to model the
calculation procedure based on assumption made.

冷负荷计算须根据不同的时、日和月来计算，并相当复
杂。许多冷负荷计算方法和软件也因此而开发 . 各种计
算法有着其计算概念和假设。
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION
METHODS （冷负荷计算法）
 Heat Balance Method (HB) 热平衡法 - NEW METHOD （新方法）

 Radiant Time Series (RTS) - NEW METHOD （新方法）

 Transfer Function Method (TFM) 传递函数法 - PREVIOUS METHOD

（旧方法）

 Cooling Load Temperature Difference with Cooling Load Factor Method

(CLTD/SCF/CLF) 冷 负 荷 温 差 / 太 阳 辐 射 冷 负 荷 / 冷 负 荷 系 数 法 -
PREVIOUS METHOD （旧方法）

 Total Equivalent Temperature Difference with Time Averaging Method

(TETD/TA) 总当量温差 / 时间平均法 - PREVIOUS METHOD （旧方
法）

 Carrier Method 开利计算法– PREVIOUS METHOD （旧方法）

COOLING LOAD CALCULATION METHODS
（冷负荷计算法）

Methods to be Discussed in this Session

此节讨论计算法

 Cooling Load Temperature Difference with

Cooling Load Factor Method (CLTD/SCF/CLF)
冷负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数法

 Carrier Method
开利计算法
 Source of Heat Gain in Space
空间得热量热源
Conduction through
Ceiling 吊顶 Internal Partition
隔间导热

Conduction through Fenestration

玻璃导热
Internal Heat
Convection Radiation Heat Exchange 室内热源
对流热 辐射热交换
Conduction through
Internal Partition
Reflected Radiation 隔间导热
Reflected Radiation
玻璃反射
地板反射

Conduction through External Wall

外墙导热

Conduction through
Internal Partition
隔间导热
TERMINOLOGY
传热分类

In air-conditioning design, the following four related heat flow rate

between the air-conditioned space and its surrounding, which varies with
time, must be differentiated
在暖通空调设计，室内空气和周围环境的传热可分成以下几类

Space Heat Gain 空间得热量

Space Cooling Load 空间冷负荷

Space Heating Load 空间热负荷

Space Heat Extraction Rate 空间除热量

Cooling Coil Load 盘管负荷

SPACE HEAT GAIN
空间得热量

Rate at which energy is transferred to or

generated within a space

在给定的时间间隔内，从外部热源传给空
调房间得热量或从内部热源释放到该房间
的热源
SPACE HEAT GAIN
空间得热量

 Solar Radiation through openings or fenestration 从透光面积上（如玻璃窗）

传入的太阳辐射得热量

 Heat Conduction through exterior walls and roof 通过外墙和屋顶的导热得热

量

 Heat Conduction through Fenestration 从透光面积上（如玻璃窗）传入的导热

得热量

 Heat Conduction through ceilings, floors and interior partition 从隔墙和内门

进入的得热量

 Heat Gain from Internal Objects (People, lights, appliances, etc.) 室内热源释
放（人员、电灯、设备和器具）

 Ventilation & Infiltration Air 新风和渗入空调房间的得热量

 Heat Gain from Duct Leakages, fan and pump energy 管道漏风、风机、泵热
源得热量
SPACE COOLING LOAD
空间冷负荷

 Rate at which energy must be removed

from a space to maintain a constant
space air temperature and humidity 为
保持空调房间恒定的温度和舒适的相对湿
度，必须从房间排除的热量

 ΣHeat Gain ≠ Space Cooling Load

Σ 空间得热量 ≠ 空间冷负荷
SPACE COOLING LOAD
空间冷负荷

 Radiation from inside surfaces of walls and interior

surfaces does not heat the air within the space directly
从透光面积太阳辐射得热量并不是马上释放到空调房间，
导致空调房间的瞬时得热量并不等于瞬时冷负荷

 Energy absorbed by walls, floor, furniture, etc.,

contributes to space cooling load after a time lag 因为建
筑结构（和其他材料和家居）内蓄存了一部分辐射热。这
种现象导致空调房间的瞬时冷负荷小于一天周期内最大瞬
时得热量

 Known as “Thermal Storage Effect” 蓄热效应

SPACE COOLING LOAD
蓄热影响
(Extracted from AHSREA Fundamental 2005 Chapter 30)
SPACE COOLING LOAD
(Extract from ASHRAE Fundamental 2005 Chapter 30)
SPACE HEAT EXTRACTION RATE
空间除热量

 Rate at which energy is removed from

the space 通过空调系统从空调房间内实
际排除热量

 Equals to Space Cooling Load when

space conditions are constant 只有当空
气温度保持恒定时，除热量才等于冷负荷
Cooling Coil Load
盘管负荷

 Rate at which energy is removed at the

cooling coil that serves one or more
conditioned space 通过盘管流过的水带走
的热量或由盘管内的制冷济所吸走的热量

 Equals to Space Cooling Load plus cooling

load through the air-conditioned system
等于空间冷负荷并包括送回风系统的冷负
荷
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION IN
PRACTICE
实际冷负荷计算

 Cooling Load Calculation should accurately describe the

building 冷负荷计算应准确表达建筑的特性

 Avoid using safety factor 避免采用安全系数

 Introducing compounding safety factors at multi level of

load calculation lead to unrealistic and oversized
equipment 因为在各计算层次加入安全系数会导致冷负荷
计算变得过高，不实际

 Zoning of Air-conditioned Areas is required for cooling

load calculation to determine equipment capacity for
each zone 空调空间须分区以便适当设定各区域设备负荷
COMPONENTS OF HEAT GAIN
得热量分类

Heat Gain
得热量

Sensible Heat Latent Heat

显热 潜热
COMPONENTS OF HEAT GAIN
得热量分类

 Sensible Heat Gain 显热

Heat added directly to space by conduction, convection

and radiation which cause change in temperature 通过
导热、对流热、辐射传入房间的热量而导致空气温度产生
变化

 Latent Heat Gain 潜热

Heat gain when moisture is added to space which cause

change in moisture content (Latent Heat of
Condensation) 潜热是与水蒸气状态变化有关的热量
Determination of Heat Gain
(Fenestration Heat Gain)
得热量计算（通过窗玻璃）
 Direct Solar Heat Gain / Diffuse Solar Heat Gain
(Sensible Heat) 太阳辐射得热量（显热）

Carrier Method (Solar Heat Gain)

开利计算法（太阳得热量）

q1 = Ag (SHGF) (SF) (SC)

Ag : Area of Fenestration 透光面积 , m2
SHGF : Solar Heat Factor 太阳辐射得热系数 , W/m2
SF : Storage Factor 蓄热系数 (Dimensionless)
SC : Shading Co-efficient 遮阳系数 (Product of glass SC and External Shading
Device SC)

To be computed for different façade/orientation of building

须在各朝向立面进行计算

SHGF is function of orientation, latitude, month and hours

SHGF 须考虑朝向、纬度、月份和时间
Determination of Heat Gain
(Fenestration Heat Gain)
得热量计算（通过窗玻璃）
 Direct Solar Heat Gain / Diffuse Solar Heat Gain
(Sensible Heat) 太阳辐射得热量（显热）

CLTD/CLF/SCL Method (Solar Cooling Load)

负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数法（太
阳得热造成的房间冷负荷）

q1 = Ag (SCL)(SC)
Ag : Area of Fenestration 透光面积 , m2
SCL : Solar Cooling Load Factor 太阳冷负荷系数 , W/m2
SC : Shading Co-efficient 遮阳系数 (Product of glass SC and
External Shading Device SC)

To be computed for different façade/orientation of building

须在各朝向立面进行计算

SCL is function of orientation, latitude, month and hours

SCL 须考虑朝向、纬度、月份和时间
Determination of Heat Gain
(Fenestration Heat Gain)
得热量计算（通过窗玻璃）
Points to Note on Carrier Method

 Solar Heat Gain Factors are data collated based

on location, month, time and orientation of
building façade exposed 太阳辐射得热量系数
须考虑朝向、纬度、月份和时间

 Peak Solar Heat Gain Factor is used to

determine the peak heat gain due to radiation
at a specific location, month and orientation of
building façade exposed 太阳辐射最高得热量
系数用于计算考虑了朝向、纬度、月份和时间的
最高辐射得热量
Determination of Heat Gain
(Fenestration Heat Gain)
得热量计算（通过窗玻璃）
DESIGN DAY MAXIMUM SOLAR HEAT GAINS (W/SQ M) FOR SINGAPORE
设计日最高辐射得热量系数 W/m2 （新加坡）

Note : Table Incomplete

Month N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S

January 107.3 107.3 260.9 544.2 729.0 801.0 748.9 582.3 398.7

February 111.4 112.9 399.1 635.3 766.3 779.2 671.6 458.4 233.8

March 119.6 259.9 525.9 695.0 758.0 704.7 544.2 285.2 122.4

April 203.8 417.4 608.2 704.1 694.0 579.5 371.3 122.7 118.6

May 332.2 505.7 648.0 695.0 637.5 485.5 252.4 117.0 117.0

June 384.9 530.6 654.3 683.0 610.1 446.7 206.3 117.7 117.7

July 341.3 500.0 637.2 682.7 625.9 476.7 245.4 119.6 119.6

August 217.4 415.8 595.9 684.9 671.6 558.7 356.5 124.9 123.3

September 124.0 250.2 497.2 655.5 714.2 665.6 517.0 276.3 126.8

October 113.6 116.4 395.6 610.7 728.4 733.4 639.4 444.2 228.7

November 107.9 107.9 272.9 536.9 704.1 774.1 733.1 579.8 392.1

December 104.1 104.1 219.6 491.2 696.8 795.0 769.4 625.6 459.0
Determination of Heat Gain
(Fenestration Heat Gain)
得热量计算（通过窗玻璃）

 Conductive Heat Gain (Sensible Heat)

传导得热量（显热）

Carrier Method : q2 = Ag U (Tout – Tin)

开利计算法
Ag : Area of Fenestration 窗户总面积 , m2
U : Overall Thermal Transmission Value 窗户导热系数 , W/m2K
Tout : Outside Temperature 室外温度，考虑月份、时和位置 , °C
Tin : Inside Temperature 室内温度 , °C
Determination of Heat Gain
(Fenestration Heat Gain)
得热量计算（通过窗玻璃）
 Conductive Heat Gain (Sensible Heat)
传导得热量（显热）

CLTD/CLF/SCL : q2 = Ag U (CLTD)
负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数
法（热传导造成的房间冷负荷）
Ag : Area of Fenestration 窗户总面积 , m2
U : Overall Thermal Transmission Value 窗户导热系数 , W/m2K
CLTD : Cooling Load Temperature Difference 负荷温差 , glass 玻璃 °C

Note : Data for CLTD varies with time and orientation of building façade
负荷温差需考虑时间和朝向
Determination of Heat Gain
(Heat Gain Through Walls/Roof by Conduction)
得热量计算（通过外墙、屋顶等热传导）

 Conductive Heat Gain (Sensible Heat)

传导得热量（显热）

Carrier Method : q3 = Aw U (Tout – Tin)

开利计算法（传导得热量）

CLTD/CLF/SCL : q3 = Aw U (CLTD)
负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数法（热传导造成
的房间冷负荷）
Aw : Area of Wall or Roof 外墙、屋顶面积 , m2
U : Overall Thermal Transmission Value 导热系数 , W/m2K
Tout : Outside Temperature 室外温度 , °C
Tin : Inside Temperature 室内温度 , °C
CLTD : Cooling Load Temperature Difference 冷负荷温差 , roof and wall °C

Note : Data for CLTD varies with time and orientation of building façade
负荷温差需考虑时间和朝向
Determination of Heat Gain
(Heat Gain Through Partition, Floors, Ceiling by
Conduction)
得热量计算（通过暴露于非空调房间的墙
体）
 Conductive Heat Gain (Sensible Heat)

传导得热量（显热）

Carrier & CLTD/CLF/SCL Method

开利计算法和负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数法

q4 = Ap U ΔT
Ap : Area of Partition, floor or ceiling 隔墙、楼板、楼顶 , m2
U : Overall Thermal Transmission Value 导热系数 , W/m2K
ΔT : Temperature Differential between conditioned space and adjacent space 温差 , °C
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
 People (Sensible Heat / Latent Heat)
人员（显热 / 潜热）

Carrier Method
开利计算法
q6 = Npeople (SHG) (DF)

q’6 = Npeople (LHG) (DF)

Npeople : Number of People 人员数
SHG : Sensible Heat Gain per person 每个人的显热得热量 , W/person
LHG : Latent Heat Gain per person 每个热的潜热得热量 , W/person
DF : Diversity Factor 使用系数
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
 People (Sensible Heat / Latent Heat)

CLTD/CLF/SCL Method
负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数
法

q6 = Npeople (SHG) (CLF)

q’6 = Npeople (LHG) (CLF)

Npeople : Number of People 人员数
SHG : Sensible Heat Gain per person 人员显热 , W/person
LHG : Latent Heat Gain per person 人员前热 , W/person
CLF : Cooling Load Factor for People CLF 值
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
Type of Application Diversity Factor

People Lights

Office 0.75-0.90 0.70-0.85

Apartment, Hotel 0.40-0.60 0.30-0.50
Department Store 0.80-0.90 0.90-1.00
Industrial 0.85-0.95 0.80-0.90
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
 Lighting (Sensible Heat)
照明（显热）

Carrier Method
开利计算法

q7 = (SHG)(Afloor) (DF) (SF)

SHG : Heat Gain per 每平方米得热量，

每平方米得热量， W/m2
Afloor : Floor Area 建筑面积 , m2
SF : Storage Factor 蓄热系数
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）

 Lighting (Sensible Heat)

照明（显热）

CLTD/CLF/SCL Method
负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数法

q7 = W Ful Fsa (CLF)

W : Total Light Wattage 照明负荷 , W
Ful : Lighting use Factor 照明使用系数 (Ratio of used Wattage to installed Wattage)
Fsa : Special Allowance Factor 特别系数
CLF : Cooling Load Factor for Lighting CLF 值
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
 Appliances (Sensible Heat/Latent Heat)
设备（显热 / 潜热）

Carrier Method
开利计算法
q8 = (SHG)(Afloor) (DF) (CF)

q’8 = (LHG)(Afloor) (DF) (CF)

SHG/LHG
SHG/LHG : Heat Gain per W/m2 每平方米得热量
Afloor : Floor Area, m2 建筑面积
DF : Diversity Factor 使用系数
CF : Correction Factor (used for Cooking Appliance, 0.5 if hooded, else 1.0)

Note : Heat Gain per unit area for Data Centre is （计算机房） 700 – 800 W/m2
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
 Appliances (Sensible Heat/Latent Heat)
设备（显热 / 潜热）

CLTD/CLF/SCL Method
负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数法
q8 = QInput (Fu) (FR) (CLF)

q’8 = QInput (FL) (CLF)

QInput : Rated Energy Input from Appliances 设备散热量
FU : Usage Factor 使用系用
FR : Radiant Factor
FL : Load Factor
CLF : Cooling Load Factor 冷负荷
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
 Outdoor Air Heat Gain due to By-pass Effect (Sensible
Heat / Latent Heat)

Carrier Method (Not Applicable to CLTD/CLF/SCL

Method)
开利计算法（负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数法
不考虑此项）

q9 = 1.213 Qoa ΔT (BF)

q’9 = 3.0 Qoa ΔW (BF)

Qoa : Outdoor Air Flow Rate 新风量 , l/s
ΔT : Temperature Differential between conditioned space and adjacent space 室内外温差 , °C
ΔW : Moisture Content Differential between conditioned space and adjacent space 含湿量差 , g/Kg
BF : By-pass Factor (Fraction of Air that evaded cooling by coil) BF = 0.01 – 0.5
部分新风渗透盘管系数
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
Coil By-pass Factor Type of Application Example

0.30 – 0.50 A small total load or a load that is

somewhat larger with a low sensible heat
Residence 住宅

factor (high latent load). 低总得热量或高

潜热得热量

0.20 – 0.30 Typical comfort application with relatively

small total load or low sensible heat
Residence, small retail and factory
住宅、小商店、工厂
factor with somewhat larger load. 一般舒
适性功能且属低总得热量

0.10 – 0.20 Typical comfort application. 一般舒适性

功能
Departmental store, bank, factory
商场、银行、工厂

0.05 – 0.10 Applications with high internal sensible

loads or requiring a larger amount of
Departmental store, restaurant, factory
商场、餐馆、工厂
outdoor air for ventilation. 需要高显热功
能

All outdoor air application Hospital operating room, factory

0 – 0.10 全新风 医院手术室、工厂
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
 Outdoor Air Heat Gain (Sensible Heat / Latent
Heat) 新风得热量（显热 / 潜热）

 Direct on Cooling Apparatus (Carrier Method)

盘管负荷（开利计算法）

q10 = 1.213 Qoa ΔT (1-BF)

q’10 = 3.0 Qoa ΔW (1-BF)

Qoa : Outdoor Air Flow Rate 新风流量 , l/s
ΔT : Temperature Differential between conditioned space and adjacent space 温差 , °C
ΔW : Moisture Content Differential between conditioned space and adjacent space 含湿量差 , g/Kg
BF : By-pass Factor (Fraction of Air that evaded cooling by coil) BF = 0.01 – 0.5
Determination of Heat Gain
(Internal Heat Gain)
得热量计算（室内得热）
 Outdoor Air Heat Gain (Sensible Heat / Latent Heat)
新风得热量（显热 / 潜热）

 Direct on Cooling Apparatus (CLTD/CLF/SCL Method)

盘管负荷（负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷负荷系数法）

q10 = 1.213 Qoa ΔT

q’10 = 3.0 Qoa ΔW

Qoa : Outdoor Air Flow Rate 新风量 , l/s
ΔT : Temperature Differential between conditioned space and adjacent space 温差 , °C
ΔW : Moisture Content Differential between conditioned space and adjacent space 含湿量差 , g/Kg
Determination of Heat Gain
(Infiltration Heat Gain)
得热量计算（渗透风得热）
 Infiltration Heat Gain (Sensible Heat / Latent Heat)
渗透风得热量（显热 / 潜热）

Carrier Method & CLTD/CLF/SCL Method

开利计算法 / 负荷温差 / 太阳辐射冷负荷 / 冷
负荷系数法

q5 = 1.213 Qinf ΔT

q’5 = 3.0 Qinf ΔW

Qinf : Infiltration Rate 渗透风流量 , l/s
ΔT : Temperature Differential between conditioned space and adjacent space 温差 , °C
ΔW : Moisture Content Differential between conditioned space and adjacent space 含湿量差 , g/Kg
Determination of Heat Gain
(Miscellaneous Heat Gain)
得热量计算（其他得热）
 Supply / Return Duct Heat Gain
送回风管道得热量

 Supply / Return Duct Leakage Loss

送回风管道漏风

 Fan Heat Gain (Draw Through / Blow Through)

风机散热量

 Chilled Water Pump

泵散热量

 Chilled Water Piping Losses

水管道热量流失
RSH, ERSH, GTH IN AIR-HANDLING
SYSTEM (Draw Through)
Duct Heat Gain
Return Air Fan Heat Gain Duct Leakages

Supply Air
OA -

Duct Heat Gain

Duct Leakages
Fan Heat Gain Room
(Room Sensible Heat)
GTH
RSH, ERSH, GTH IN AIR-HANDLING
SYSTEM (Blow Through)
Duct Heat Gain
Duct Leakages Return Air

Supply Air
OA -

Duct Heat Gain

Fan Heat Gain
Duct Leakages
Room
(Room Sensible Heat)
GTH
Determination of Heat Gain
(Room Sensible Heat / Room Latent Heat)

 Room Sensible Heat (RSH) is the amount of sensible heat gain

within the space
室内显热指房间里得热量

 RSH is the Summation of the followings:-

室内显热包括

 Solar Heat Gain through Fenestration

通过玻璃窗太阳辐射得热量
 Conductive Heat Gain Through Fenestration
通过玻璃窗热传导
 Conductive Heat Gain Through Wall and Roof
通过外墙和楼顶板热传导
 Conductive Heat Gain Through Partition, floor, etc
通过隔墙和顶板热传导
 Internal Sensible Heat Gain
室内得热量
 Infiltration Air Sensible Heat Gain
渗透风显热得热量
Determination of Heat Gain
(Room Sensible Heat / Room Latent Heat)

 Room Latent Heat (RLH) is the amount of

latent heat gain within the space
室内潜热得热量

 RLH is the Summation of the followings: 室

内潜热如下

 Internal Latent Heat Gain 室内潜热得热量

 Infiltration Air Latent Heat Gain 渗透风潜热量
Determination of Heat Gain
(Effective Room Sensible Heat)

 Effective Room Sensible Heat (ERSH) is the amount of

room sensible heat gain inclusive of supply duct leakages
and heat gain, infiltration heat gain added indirectly to
space, by-pass outdoor air heat gain, etc. 有效室内显热
包括室内显热加其他不是直接给室内的得热量

 ERSH is the Summation of the followings:-

 Room Sensible Heat 室内得热量

 Outdoor Air due to by-pass effect 旁通效果
 Fan Heat Gain (Draw Through) 风机得热量
 Supply Duct Leakages 送风管道漏风
 Supply Duct Heat Gain 送风管道得热量

ERSH = RSH + BF(OASH) + RSHS

Determination of Heat Gain
(Effective Room Latent Heat)

 Effective Room latent Heat (ERLH) is the

amount of room latent heat gain inclusive of
by-pass outdoor air, etc. 有效室内潜热潜热包
括旁通风效果

 ERLH is the Summation of the followings:-

有效潜热包括如下：

 Room latent Heat 室内潜热

 Outdoor Air Latent Heat due to by-pass effect 旁通风
效果
 Infiltration Air Latent Heat 渗透风潜热

ERLH = RLH + BF(OALH) + RLHS

Determination of Heat Gain
(Total Sensible Heat)

 Total Sensible Heat (TSH) is the amount of sensible heat

gain to be removed by the cooling apparatus
总显热得热量指盘管所须冷量

 TSH is the Summation of the followings:-

总显热得热量包括

 Room Sensible Heat 室内显热

 Outdoor Air Sensible Heat Gain 新风显热
 Fan Heat Gain (Draw Through) 风机的热量
 Supply/Return Duct Leakages 送回管道流失
 Supply/Return Duct Heat Gain 送回风管的得热量
 Chilled Water Pipe Loss / Pump 管道水泵流失

TSH = RSH + OASH + RSHS

Determination of Heat Gain
(Total Sensible Heat)

 Total Latent Heat (TLH) is the amount of

sensible heat gain to be removed by the
cooling apparatus
总潜热得热量指盘管所须冷量

 TLH is the Summation of the followings:-

总潜热的热量包括

 Room Latent Heat 室内潜热

 Outdoor Air Latent Heat Gain 新风潜热

TLH = RLH + OASH + RLHS

Determination of Heat Gain
(Effective Room Sensible Heat / Effective Room
Latent Heat)
 Grand Total Heat (GTH) is the amount of total heat gain
that will need to be removed by the cooling apparatus
全热得热量指盘管所须冷却冷量

 GTH is the Summation of the followings:-

 Effective Room Sensible Heat 有效室内显热

 Effective Room Latent Heat 有效室内潜热
 Outdoor Air Heat Gain (Sensible / Latent) 新风显热 / 潜热
 Return Duct Heat Gain 回风管道得热量
 Chilled Water Pump 水泵流失
 Chilled Water Piping Losses 管道流失

GTH = TSH + TLH + GTHS

Determination of Effective
Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF)

 Ratio of room sensible heat to

room total heat
显热与总得热量比例

 RSHF = RSH / (RSH + RLH)

Determination of Effective
Sensible Heat Factor (ESHF)

 Ratio of effective room sensible

heat to effective room total heat
有效室内显热与有效总得热量比例

 ESHF = ERSH / (ERSH + ERLH)

Determination of Grand
Sensible Heat Factor (GSHF)

 Ratio of total sensible heat to grand

total heat 总显热与全热比例

 GSHF = TSH / (TLH + TSH)

Determination of Apparatus
Dew Point (ADP)

 Effective surface temperature of cooling

apparatus
指冷盘管外表面温度（机器露点）

 Point where RSHF, ESHF and GSHF line

crosses the saturation line on
psychrometric chart
在焓湿图上 RSHF 、 ESHF 和 GSHF 比例线与相
对湿度 100% 曲线相交的点位
Psychrometric Chart
Enthalpy
Deviation

Enthalpy of
Saturation 焓
Sensible
Heat Factor
显热比例

Alignment Circle
(24C DB / 50%
RH)
Moisture Content
Dew Point Moisture Content 含湿量

Wet Bulb
湿球

Relative Dry Bulb

Humidity 干球
Specific
相对湿度 Volume
Psychrometric Chart
焓湿图

htl
hgt 4 Outdoor Air
室外温度
hts 3 Mixture Condition
混合温度
GSHF 2
Room
RSHF Moisture Content
Design
含湿量
1 室内温度

Saturation Line ESHF

Supply Air
Temperature
送风温度

ADP -
GSHF

Dry Bulb Temperature 干球

RSH, ERSH, GTH IN AIR-HANDLING
SYSTEM (Draw Through)

TRA
Return Air

TOA Supply Air

OA
-
TSA

TEDB TLDB

TADP Room
(TRM )
Determination of Supply Air
Quantity
送风量计算
 The Air Quantity required to satisfy
the room load 指为满足室内冷负荷
所须送风量

 Qsa = RSH / 1.213 x (TRm- TSA)

EDB : Entering Dry Bulb

LDB : Leaving Dry Bulb
SA : Supply Air Dry Bulb
Rm : Room Dry Bulb
Determination of Dehumidified
Quantity
除湿风量
 The Air Quantity required through the
air-conditioning apparatus to satisfy the
total air-conditioning load 除湿风量指为
满足盘管冷负荷所须风量

 QDA = ERSH / 1.213 x (1-BF) (TRm- TADP)

 QDA = TSH / 1.213 x (TEDB- TLDB)

EDB : Entering Dry Bulb
LDB : Leaving Dry Bulb
Rm : Room Dry Bulb
Determination of Leaving /
Entering Dry Bulb Air Conditions
盘管初 / 终干球温度
 The required air Quantity supplied to space is
equal to the air quantity required through the
air-conditioning apparatus 房间需要的送风量和
盘管所须风量相等

 TEDB = (QOA / QSA) x TOA + (QRA / QSA) x TRA

 TLDB = TADP + BF(TEDB – TADP)

EDB : Entering Dry Bulb

LDB : Leaving Dry Bulb
Rm : Room Dry Bulb
RA : Return Air Dry Bulb
OA : Outdoor Air Dry Bulb
ADP : Apparatus Dew Point
Conclusion
总结
 This training session only serves to assist our
new engineers to acquire an introductory
understanding and knowledge of Cooling Load
Calculation 此培训是为让我司工程师对冷负荷
计算法初步的了解

 You are encouraged to study and think through

the topic discussed 鼓励大家应考虑详细自修以
便更了解此冷负荷计算法

 Thank You 谢谢