Iron Core

Magnetic
lines

AC
Devic
Suppl
y e

Primary coil Secondary

coil
 Working principle
Physical basis of a transformer is
mutual induction between two
circuits linked by a common
magnetic flux.
If one coil is connected to a source
of alternating voltage, an alternating
flux is set up in the laminated core,
most of which is linked with the other
coils in which it produces mutually
induced emf
A transformer is a static device which is used to step
up or step down voltages at constant frequency
It consists of two coils, that are electrically isolated
but magnetically linked
The primary coil is connected to the power source
and the secondary coil is connected to the load
Voltage is stepped up or stepped down proportional
to turns ratio
The turn’s ratio is the ratio between the number of
turns on the secondary (Ns)to the number of turns on
the primary (Np).
Turn’s Ratio = No. windings in
Secondary
No. Windings in Primary

= Voltage in Secondary
Voltage in Primary

Vs = Ns
Vp Np
 Transformer classification
Based on construction
 Core type
 Shell type
 Berry type
Based on application
 Power transformer
 Distribution transformer
Based on cooling
 Oil filled self cooled
 Oil fill water cooled
 Air blast type
 Losses in a transformer
No load losses or core losses
Load losses or copper losses
 No load losses
No load losses remains the same irrespective of the load
connected to the transformer
 It is the power consumed to sustain the magnetic field in the
transformer’s core
 It is of two types – hysteresis loss and eddy current loss
 Hysteresis loss is the energy lost by reversing the magnetizng field in the
core as the AC changes direction in every cycle.
 Eddy current loss is a result of induced currents circulating in the core
 Hysteresis loss is minimized by using steel of high silicon content for the
core
 Eddy current loss is minimized by using very thin laminations polished
with varnish
No load loss = IL( Va / Vr ) ²
 Load losses
 It is associated with load current flow in the transformer windings
 Copper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary windings of
a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the windings
load loss = I ² R
 Problem
Find the total losses taking place in a 250 KVA
transformer operating at 60% of its rated capacity
whose No load loss = 500 W and
Full load loss = 4500 W
 Problem
Transformer Rating 5 0 0 kVA, PF is 0 . 8, No

Load Loss =3.5 kW, Full Load Loss = 4 . 5 kW

No. of
Load kW PF
hrs

6 400 0.8

10 300 0.75

4 100 0.8

4 0 0
 How to improve the efficiency of
transformer
By operating the transformer at optimum load
By operating the transformers in parallel
Voltage regulation of transformer
 At optimum loading no load loss = Full load loss
 Thus during max. efficiency no load loss = Full load loss

 No Load Loss = 1600 W, Full Load Loss = 2 845 W


X = 100 √ (No Load Loss/ Full Load Loss)

Load at max Eff = ( 1 6 0 0 / 2 8 4 5 ) 0 . 5

= 75.0 %
 Parallel operation of transformer
This is done for fluctuating loads, so that the load
can be optimized by sharing the load between the
transformers
This way of operation provides high efficiency
For parallel operation, both the transformers
should be technically identical and should have
the same impedance level.
 Problem
Power Required : 8 0 0 kVA
( 4 0 0 kVA x 2 )

No of Transformers : 2

Rated Capacity : 1 2 5 0 kVA each

No Load Loss : 2 k W

Load Loss : 1 5 kW
 Transformer selection
Calculate the connected load and diversity factor
Multiply Diversity Factor with connected load
applicable to particular industry and arrive at
kVA rating of transformers
Diversity factor is the ratio of sum of individual
maximum demand of various equipment to the
overall maximum demand of the plant
It will be always greater than one
 Voltage regulation
When the supply voltage changes, it causes tripping
of voltage sensitive load devices
The voltage regulation in transformers is done by
altering the voltage transformation ratio with the help
of tapping
There are two methods of tap changing facility
available
Off-circuit tap changer
On-load tap changer
 System Distribution losses and
Optimization
Relocating transformers and substations near to the
load centres
Re-routing the feeders and cables, where the line
losses and voltage drops are higher
Power factor improvement by incorporating
capacitors at the load end.
Optimum loading of the transformers in the system
Opting for low resistance All Aluminium Alloy
Conductors (AAAC) instead of conventional
Aluminium Cored Steel Reinforced (ACSR) lines
ENERGY LOSSE S CONVENTIONAL
TRANSFORMER VIS - A - VI
S AMORPHOU S TRA
C o n vNe S
n tFi O
o nRaM
l E R Amorph ous
No Load Copper a No Load Copper
Capacity
Loss Loss at Loss Loss at FL
( kVA )
W

100 260 1 760 60 1 635

250 600 3 600 160 3 280
500 840 5 700 240 5 600
750 1100 7 500 360 7 200
1 000 1 300 9 800 430 9 000
Energy conservation in transformer
 % Loading of Transformer
 Transformer Efficiency
 No Load Losses
 Operating Power Factor
 Power Factor improvement in capacitor installation
 On Load Tap Changer ( OLTC )
 Parallel operation of Transformers
 Idle transformer
 Separate transformer for lighting