Figure 3.

1
Figure 3.2


Hydrogen
+ bond

Polar covalent
bonds

+
 +

+
Figure 3.UN01
Figure 3.3

Adhesion

Two types of
water-conducting
cells

Cohesion
Direction
of water
movement 300 m
Figure 3.3a

Two types of
water-conducting
cells

300 m
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5

Burbank San Bernardino

Santa Barbara 73° 100°
90°
Los Angeles Riverside 96°
(Airport) 75° Santa Ana
84° Palm Springs
70s (°F) 106°
80s
Pacific Ocean 68°
90s
100s San Diego 72° 40 miles
Figure 3.6

Hydrogen bond Liquid water:

Hydrogen bonds
break and re-form

Ice:
Hydrogen bonds
are stable
Figure 3.6a
Figure 3.7



Na
 



 

Na

 

Cl Cl
 






Figure 3.8

+

 

+
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.UN02

+ 

2 H 2O Hydronium Hydroxide
ion (H3O+) ion (OH)
Figure 3.10
pH Scale
0

1 Battery acid

Increasingly Acidic
2 Gastric juice, lemon juice
+
H

[H+] > [OH]

H+
+
 H Vinegar, wine,
H+ OH 3
OH  H+
H+ cola
+ +
H H

Acidic 4 Tomato juice

solution Beer
Black coffee
5
Rainwater
6 Urine

 OH Saliva
OH Neutral
H+ H+ OH

7 Pure water
OH  OH
+
[H+] = [OH] Human blood, tears
H + H+ H
8 Seawater
Neutral
Inside of small intestine
solution
Increasingly Basic

9
[H+] < [OH]

10
Milk of magnesia
OH
OH
OH H+ OH
11
OH OH
 Household ammonia
H + OH
12
Basic
solution Household
13 bleach
Oven cleaner
14
Figure 3.10a
Figure 3.10b
Figure 3.10c
Figure 3.10d
Figure 3.11

CO2

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

H2CO3 H+ + HCO3

H+ + CO32 HCO3

CO32 + Ca2+ CaCO3

Figure 3.12

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 3.12a

(a)
Figure 3.12b

(b)
Figure 3.12c

(c)
Figure 3.UN03






 

 
 


Figure 3.UN04

Ice: stable hydrogen bonds Liquid water: transient

hydrogen bonds
Figure 3.UN05

0
Acidic
[H+] > [OH]
Acids donate H+ in
aqueous solutions.

Neutral
[H+] = [OH] 7

Bases donate OH

or accept H+ in
Basic
aqueous solutions
[H+] < [OH]
14
Figure 3.UN06

(mmol CaCO3/m2 • day)

40

Calcification rate

20

0
200 250

[CO32] (mol/kg)
Figure 3.UN07
Figure 3.UN08
Figure 3.UN09