ROMAN ART

I. ROME UNDER THE KINGS

VILLAGE OF ROMULUS
• Archaeologists exploring the area of
the Palatine west of the later
imperial palace uncovered a series
of cuttings in the bedrock
corresponding to the floors and
postholes which can be
reconstructed in the shape of huts.
The foundations indicate were
roughly rectangular in shape, with
rounded corners.
I. ROME UNDER THE KINGS

THE TARQUINS AND THE

CAPITOLIUM
• During the later eighth and seventh • The last Roman king, according to all
centuries bce, a series of Latin ancient sources, was Tarquinius Superbus.
successors of Romulus ruled the city A tyrannical ruler whom the Romans
on the Tiber, but their “kingdom” eventually overthrew, Superbus (the
was tiny and overshadowed by much Arrogant) was responsible for completing
wealthier and more developed the construction of Rome’s greatest
cultures. In 616 bce, Tarquinius temple, the Temple of Jupiter Optimus
Priscus, who had emigrated from Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. Several
Corinth in Greece to Etruscan sources say that the temple was begun by
Tarquinia, became king of Rome. He Priscus, although many scholars attribute
ruled for almost 40 years. the entire project to Superbus.
I. ROME UNDER THE KINGS

THE TARQUINS AND THE CAPITOLIUM

 I. ROME UNDER THE KINGS

ETRUSCAN ARTISTS IN ROME

• Rome’s first great building project—the • Vulca of Veii
construction of a grandiose temple on
the Capitoline Hill for the joint worship • Pliny the Elder
of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva—was
commissioned by an Etruscan king and
executed by imported Etruscan artists
and builders. The architect’s name is
unknown, but several sources preserve
the identity of the Etruscan artist
whom King Tarquinius Superbus brought
in to adorn the temple:
II.ROME AND LATIUM UNDER THE REPUBLIC

SERVIAN WALLS FALERII NOVI TEMPLE OF HERCULES, CORI

II.ROME AND LATIUM UNDER THE REPUBLIC

TEMPLE OF LARGO ARGENTINA TEMPLE OF VESTA,

PORTUNUS, ROME TEMPLES TIVOLI
II.ROME AND LATIUM UNDER THE REPUBLIC

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TEMPLE OF VESTA OR
HERCULES, ROME
 CORINTHIAN CAPITALS

• The Corinthian capital is more ornate

than either the Doric or Ionic. It PORTICUS AEMILIA, ROME
consists of a double row of acanthus
leaves, from which tendrils and
flowers emerge, wrapped around a
bell-shaped echinus. Although
architectural historians often point to
this capital as the distinguishing
feature of the Corinthian order, in
strict terms there is no Corinthian
order. Ancient architects simply
substituted the new capital type for
the volute capital in the Ionic order.
CORINTHIAN CAPITALS

MARKET HALL, FERENTINO SANCTUARY OF HERCULES, TIVOLI

ROMAN CONCRETE

• Roman concrete was made from a changing recipe of lime mortar,

volcanic sand (pozzolana), water, and small stones (caementa,
from which the English word cement is derived). Builders placed
the mixture in wood frames and left it to dry and to bond with a
brick or stone facing. When the concrete dried completely, the
molds were removed, leaving behind a solid mass of great
strength, though rough in appearance. The Romans often covered
the rough concrete with stucco or with marble revetment.
 PAX AUGUSTA IN THE WEST

Background:
Augustus And The Pax Romana
• The Pax Romana was established under Augustus, and for that reason it is sometimes referred to as
the Pax Augusta.
• Augustus closed the Gates of Janus (the set of gates to the Temple of Janus, which was closed in
times of peace and opened in times of war) three times to signify the onset of peace: in 29 BCE, 25
BCE, and 13 BCE, likely in conjunction with the Ara Pacis ceremony.
• The Romans regarded peace not as an absence of war, but as the rare situation that existed when all
opponents had been beaten down and lost the ability to resist. Thus, Augustus had to persuade
Romans that the prosperity they could achieve in the absence of warfare was better for the Empire
than the potential wealth and honor acquired when fighting a risky war.
• The Ara Pacis is a prime example of the propaganda Augustus employed to promote the Pax Romana,
and depicts images of Roman gods and the city of Rome personified amidst wealth and prosperity.
THE ARA PACIS AUGUSTAE
PONT-DU-GARD 16 BCE

• One of the grandest and most

frequently photographed Roman
monuments in the world is the
Augustan aqueduct bridge in
southern France known as the
Pont-du-Gard, which provided
about 100 gallons of water a day
for each inhabitant of Nîmes
(ancient Nemausus).
AQUEDUCT SEGOVIA, SPAIN EARLY TO MID 1ST
CE

• Segovia aqueduct, byname El

Puente (Spanish: “The Bridge”),
water-conveyance structure
built under the Roman emperor
Trajan (reigned 98–117 CE) and
still in use; it carries water 10
miles (16 km) from the Frío
River to the city of Segovia,
Spain.
ARCH OF AUGUSTUS, RIMINI

• The Mulvian Bridge arch does not

survive, but the Augustan arch at
Rimini still stands as part of the city’s
wall circuit. It marked the point
where the Via Flaminia highway
became the decumanus of ancient
Ariminum. The arch formed the city’s
east gate. However, (The Rimini arch
is not a “triumphal” arch, but one
commemorating road building.
ARCH OF AUGUSTUS, SUSA

• In 9 BCE, on the opposite side of

Italy at Susa (ancient Segusio), south
of Turin, on the road leading to the
Alpine crossing to Gaul, an arch was
erected in honor of Augustus to
celebrate the peace treaty he had
signed with Marcus Iulius Cottius.
Cottius was the son and successor of
the king of 14 tribes in the so-called
Cottian Alps.
ARCH OF TIBERIUS ORANGE

• Not all Early Imperial arches were as

austerely decorated as those at Rimini
and Susa. In Augustan Gaul, sculptors
regularly decorated the piers of
triumphal arches with reliefs
depicting conquered enemies in
chains and piles of captured arms and
armor. The most elaborate of the
preserved Gallic arches (fig. 8-6) was
probably erected around 25 ce under
Augustus’s successor, Tiberius, as the
north gate of Orange (ancient
Arausio).
PORTA PALATINA, TURIN
TEMPLE OF ROMA AND AUGUSTUS LATE 1ST
BCE OR EARLY 1 CE

• The heart of every provincial Roman city was its forum, and that is
where Roman power was usually conspicuously on dis- play in the
form of imperial portrait statues and often a temple dedicated to
the official worship of the emperor or the goddess Roma or both.
TEMPLE OF ROMA AND AUGUSTUS LATE 1ST
BCE OR EARLY 1 CE
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TEMPLE OF
AUGUSTUS, VIENNE MAISON CARRÉE
THEATRE EARLY 1ST CE

• The population of the Roman colonies of Early Imperial Gaul and

Spain consisted of large numbers of army veterans as well as local
families who were new Roman citizens. Both groups demanded
Roman forms of entertainment, and under Augustus, theaters and
amphitheaters were constructed in many of the most important
cities.
THEATRE EARLY 1ST CE

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THEATER AT
ORANGE AUGUSTA EMERITA
THANK YOU!
GROUP 7: ANDRADE, BALLESTEROS, GARCIA, LAGUNDINO, RAMIREZ, UMANDAP