social

stratification
 SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
- Is the process by which individuals and groups are ranked in a more
or less enduring hierarchy of status.

Melvin Tumin (1953)

- He further described stratification “as an arrangement
of any social group or society into a hierarchy of positions
that are unequal with regard to power, property, social
evaluation, and psychic gratification.

In summary, social stratification is regarded as follows:

1. A trait of society, but it does not reflect individual differences.
2. Passed on from one generation to another;
3. Universal but changeable; and
4. Comprised of inequalities, as well as beliefs systems.

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 Social desirables
Social Desirables
-refer to factors that are yearned for by its members and may be
correlated with approval, acceptance, popularity, and social status.

TOP 3 SOCIAL DESIRABLES

1. WEALTH – associated with education, income, and occupation
2. POWER – alludes to the ability of one party to affect the behaviour
of another
3. PRESTIGE – denotes the reputation of how individuals are
subjectively evaluated by others

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 Social mobility
Social Mobility
-is the movement of individuals, families, households, or other social
groups within or between levels in an open system of social
stratification.
Vertical Mobility Horizontal Mobility
- Denotes the movement of - Demonstrates the
people from one stratum or movement of people from
status to another. one social group to another
situated on the same level.
TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM

1. OPEN SYSTEM – exists when a status is achieved through effort or merit

2. CLOSED SYSTEM – achieved when a status is ascribed from birth
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 Theoretical perspectives of
social inequality

Social Inequality
- The presence of unequal opportunities and
rewards for various social positions within
groups.

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 Conflict theory
-asserts that inequality exists because groups
with power dominate the less powerful ones.

2 CONNECTED THEORETICAL CONCEPTS

1. Base
-pertains to the forces and relations of production to all the people,
relationships between them, the roles that they play, and the materials and
resources involved in producing what they need in society.
2. Superstructure
-refers to all other aspects of society, which include culture, ideology, norms
and expectations, identities, social institutions, political structures, and the state.
 Structural functionalist
theory
-contends that inequality exists because
groups with power dominate the less powerful
ones. Individuals with high social positions
should receive more rewards because of their
status. The stratification is, thus, based on
meritocracy.
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 Three- component theory

- Widely known as Weberian stratification or

the three- class system. Weber developed an
approach that reflected the interplay among
wealth, prestige, and power.

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 Social stratification: the
Philippine setting
Social stratification is evident in Philippine
society. Filipinos rank and evaluate one
another other based on power, prestige, and
wealth. Hence, many strive to go up the social
ladder in order to be accepted.

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Pre colonial period
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 Pre colonial period
In the Philippines, an open caste system
existed even before the colonizers arrived.

Societies divided into four

groups:
Datus (chiefly class)
Maharlika (nobility class)
Timawa (freemen)
Alipin (dependent class)
colonial period
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 colonial period
The Spanish colonial period, which spanned from the 16th to the
19th century, observed a caste system similar to that in Spanish
America.

Philippine society was

divided into four groups:

Peninsulares (individuals born in Spain and of pure Spanish descent )

Insulares (Spaniards born in the Philippines)
Ilustrados (educated Filipinos)
Indios (natives)
contemporary
period
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 contemporary period
In the contemporary period, three classes have
emerged: the upper class (elite), the middle class
(professionals), and the lower class (marginalized.)

The Main or Primary Indicators

- Includes economic status, land ownership, and family prestige.
Secondary Indicators
- Are cultural-linguistic identity, education, occupation, and
religion.
 UPPER CLASS
(0.1% OR 21.7K PHP 702.822
FAMILIES) ANNUAL PER
CAPITA (CUT
MIDDLE CLASS OFF)
(25.2% OR PHP 57.396
4.7M FAMILIES) ANNUAL PER
CAPITA (CUT OFF)

LOWER CLASS
(74.3% OR 14M
FAMILIES) PHP 16.872
ANNUAL PER
CAPITA (CUT
INCOME POOR ONLY (12.6% OR 2.5M PHP 11.773
OFF)
FAMILIES) ANNUAL PER
FOOD POOR (7.9% OR 1.55M CAPITA (CUT
FAMILIES) OFF)

FILIPINO FAMILIES DISAGGREGATED BY INCOME CLASS

 TYPES OF STRATIFICATION
SYSTEMS

✣ CLASS
- A class denotes a group of persons that have a distinct status in
society.
UPPER CLASS

UPPER
MIDDLE
LOWER
A CLASS SYSTEM MIDDLE
CLASS
WORKING CLASS

WORKING POOR
UNDER CLASS
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✣ ESTATE
-It is a stratification system which consists of three groups the clergy,
nobility, and commoners.

1st estate:
The Clergy
People who
Hierarchy in worked in the
Church
an estate
system 2nd estate: The Nobility
The king and queen, nobles of
the sword; princes of royal
blood, dukes, marquises,
counts, viscounts, barons,
knights, and nobles of the robe

3rd estate: Everyone Else

Includes lawyers, doctors, businessmen, merchants, soldiers,
craftsmen, shopkeepers, peasants
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✣ Slavery
- It is a system of stratification in which an
individual possesses another individual and
exploits his/her labor for economic gain. In any
system, slaves are deemed to be the lowest
category because they practically do not have
power nor wealth.

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 Inequality among social groups
and social institutions

Furthermore, inequality exists among social groups and/or

institutions such as access to capital, ethnic minorities, gender,
nations(global inequality), and persons with disabilities (PWD).
The causes of inequality range from gender and gender prejudice
and discrimination, limitation of social position/rank/status, norms
and values, social exclusion, and unequal access and distribution of
resources.

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Social Group/
Cause of
Social Example
Inequality
Institution
Government officials enjoy
Limitation of social
Access to capital more resources because
position, rank, or status
of their wealth and power

Indigenous people Racial identity Racial discrimination

Unsettled gender
Violence against women
issues, and dictates of
Gender and discrimination against
societal norm and
LGBT.
values
Unequal access and
Developed countries vs.
Global inequality distribution of resources
developing countries
among countries

Persons with disabilities Prejudices and social Lack of adequate PWD-

(PWD) exclusion friendly establishments

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