Group 1

1. Sesy Hadinata 111190101

2. Cecilia Debby 111190114
3. Arkaan Faturrahman 111190118
 Phrase
Definition
A phrase is a group of related words that is used as a single
part of speech.
 Missing either a subject or a predicate.

Ex.
1. Exploring the field (no subject)

2. The handsome engineer (no predicate)

 Phrase
Function
A phrase combines words into a larger unit which is functioned as a
clause or sentence elements.

Type of phrases
1. Verbal phrases
• Infinitive
• Participle
• Gerunds

2. Prepositional phrases
• Adjective
• Adverb

3. Appositive phrases
 Phrase
A. Verbal Phrases
When a word that looks like a verb really functioned as a different
part of speech.
1. Infinitive
Key: looks for the word that looks like a verb.

Ex.
• Sam likes to explore.
• Gilang is trying to discover a new mineral.

Infinitive looks like verbs but are functioned as NOUNS

 Phrase
A. Verbal Phrases
2. Participle
A word ending in –ing and –ed that helps describe something
• –ing : Present Participle
• –ed : Past Participle

Ex.
• The geological engineering students screaming in the auditorium made
the lecturer irritated.
• Determined to be the best graduate, Tom studies every single night.

Participle looks like verbs but are functioned as ADJECTIVES

 Phrase
A. Verbal Phrases
3. Gerund
A gerund ends in –ing and always functions as a noun
If we can ask a question “what” and a form –ing word answers it, then it is a noun –a gerund

Ex.
• Lisa enjoyed touring on the mountains.
• Climbing wall is my passsion.

Gerund looks like verbs but are ALWAYS functioned as NOUNS

 Phrase
B. Prepositional Phrases
When a sentence contains a preposition and a noun or a
prounoun
1. Adjective
Prepositional phrases modifiy nouns or pronouns

Ex.
• The man with one arm won the climbing wall contest.
• The view from the cliff is stunning.
 Phrase
B. Prepositional Phrases
2. Adverb
Prepositional phrases modifiy verbs, adjectives, or adverbs

Ex.
• I am excited by this discovery.
• We reached the peak late at midnight.
• The guider of Alfa Team was shot in the brain.
 Phrase
C. Appositive Phrases
Appositives tell us an extra information about a noun

Ex.
• Chelsea, a great explorer, shows off her intelligence.
• Talk, the softest-texture mineral, was found in the ultramafic of
metamorphic rocks.
 Clause
Definition
A clause is a part of sentence that at least has a subject and a
predicate

Function
A clause express a complete propositions

Type of clauses
1. Main clause
2. Subordinate clause
 Clause
A. Main Clause
A group of sentence that can stand on its own as a complete
sentence.
 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
A group of sentence that cannot stand on its own as a complete
sentence, but depend on the main clause.
1. Adverb Clauses
A clause that is functioned as an adverb.
They tell why, where, when, or what happens in a sentence.
They are frequently movable in a sentence.

Ex.
• All the fatigue is gone when we reached the peak.
• The explorers rest themselves when the sun goes down.
 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
1. Adverb Clauses
TYPE QUESTION ANSWERED EXAMPLE
PLACE Where…? Where there is an expedition,
there is explorers.
TIME When…? After we reached the peak, we rest
ourselves on the ground.
CAUSE Why…? We do this expedition because we
need the materials around here.
PURPOSE What for…? She took a short semester so that
she could graduate faster than the
others.
CONCESSION Why is this unexpected…? Although he is the best graduate in
Geological Engineering, he doesn’t
get any offering jobs.
CONDITION Under what conditions…? If you finish your doctoral studies,
you will get doctoral degree.
 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
1. Adverb Clauses
Kind of clause Common Conjunction Function Styles
TIME After, before, when, Are used to say when Her father died when
while something happens she was young
As, as soon as, since, By referring to a period
until of time or to another
event
By the time, once,
as/so long as, whenever
Every time, the first
time, the last time,
CAUSE & EFFECT Because Indicate the reason I can’t find any traces of
mineral since it was
Now that Means ‘because now’ hidden beneath the
(present/future) ground.
Since Used to mean ‘because’
 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
1. Adverb Clauses
Kind of clauses Common Conjunction Function Example
CONTRAST Even though, though, Unexpected results Even though I was tired, I
although still participate in the
event.
DIRECT CONTRAST While, whereas Are used to show direct Mount Merapi is an
contracts, with no active volcano, while
difference meaning Mount Argapura is not.
CONDITION If, unless, only if, even if Are used to talk about a If it rains tomorrow, I will
possible situation and its not explore Mount
consequences Merapi
Whether or not Express the idea that I’m going to climb
neither this condition nor tomorrow whether it’s
that condition matters raining or not
In case, in the event that Express the idea that In case you need to reach
something probably me, I will be waiting at
won’t happen the peak.
 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
2. Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a dependent clause that works like a noun
You can find it either as a subject or an object

Ex.
• What she wrote is interesting.
• I read what she wrote.
 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
2. Noun Clauses
• Begin with question words
Questions Noun clauses
What do you do in class? What we do in class is useful when we are in the
field
Where does he explore? The place where he explores is known by world wide

What should I do? I don’t know what you should do

Who are they? I don’t know who they are

What happened? No one knows what happened

 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
2. Noun Clauses
• Begin with whether or if

Ex.
• I wonder whether he is going to work for Chevron Company or Freeport Company
• I wanted to know if he likes learning Geology or not
• Begin with that
Ex.
• It is clear that Geology learns about minerals
 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
3. Relative Clauses
• A kind of dependent clause with subject and verb, but can’t stand alone as a sentence.
• It is sometimes called an “adjective clause” because it functions like an adjective—it gives
more information about a noun.
• They always start with relative pronouns.

Restrictive Non Restrictive

Gives information that defines the noun, that’s Gives additional information on something but do
necessary to complete the sentence. not define it.

Ex. Ex.
• A geological engineer is someone who helps • Mary, who is Adam’s girlfriend, likes to
discovering the place for drilling. explore.
 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
3. Relative Clauses
Relative Pronouns Use Example
Who Subject or object pronoun used for Have you seen the man who is the best
people climber?
Which Subject or object pronoun used for The horse which Sue rides on is very
animal or things friendly.
Referring to the whole sentence He can’t walk at all which really
surprised me.
Whose Possession for people, animals, and Do you know the boy whose mother
things won the best climber award on TV
yesterday?
Whom Object pronoun for people in non I was invited by the best climber whom I
defining relative clauses met two years ago.
That Subject or object for people, animal, or I like the shoes that ou wore for wall-
things in defining relative clauses climbing last week.
 Clause
B. Subordinate Clause
3. Relative Clauses

• Shorten Relative Clause

Relative clause with who, which, that, as subject can be replaced with a participle.
This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.

Ex.
• I told you about the man who won the best climber award.
 I told you about the man winning the best climber award.
 References

• http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-subordinate-clause.html
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/types-of-clauses-noun-adverbialrelative-clauses.html
• http://englishwithiftikhar.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_2818.html
• https://www.slideshare.net/samid11/clauses-and-its-types?from_action=save
• https://slideplayer.com/slide/4892367/