Telecom Transmission

&
Switching System
Najam ul Hasan

Email:najam.hassan@nu.edu.pk

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 Overview

! Time Division Switching

! Hybrid of Time and Space Switching
! Space Time Space Switch
! Time Space Time Switch

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 TIME DIVISION SWITCHING

 Second type of circuit-switching is called

time-division switching. It uses time-division
multiplexing to achieve switching i.e. in this
type of switching, a single link can
accommodate transmissions by multiple
devices by allocating individual time-slots to
the devices for data transfer.
 There are two popular methods used in time-
division multiplexing.
1. Time-slot interchange
2. TDM Bus
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

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 ORDINARY TDM

In the previous diagram, input A wants

to send some data to output C, input
B to output D, input C to output A and
input D to output B. In the case
ordinary TDM, the desired task can
not be accomplished as data is output
in the same order as they are input.
Data from A goes to A, B to B, C to C
and D to D.
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 TIME SLOT INTERCHANGE

 However if we insert a device called

TSI into the link, it will change the
ordering of the slots based on the
desired connections. In the previous
case, it will change the order of the
data from A,B,C,D to C,D,A,B. Now,
when the demultiplexer separates the
slots, it passes them to the proper
outputs.
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TDM AND TSI

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 TIME SLOT INTERCHANGE

TSI consists of random access memory (RAM)

with several memory locations.
The RAM fills up with incoming data from time-
slots in the order received. Slots are then sent
out in an order based on the decisions of a
control unit.
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 HYBRID OF TIME AND SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING

 Advantage of space-division switching is that it is

instantaneous and scalable. Its disadvantage is
the number of cross-points required to make
space-division switching acceptable in terms of
blocking.
 The advantage of time-division switching is that it
needs no crosspoints. Its disadvantage, in the
case of TSI is that processing each connection
creates delays. Each time slot must be stored by
the RAM, then retrieved and passed on.
 We combine space-division and time-division
technology to take advantage of the best of both.

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 TST SWITCH

B s w itc h

m xm

T im e s w itc h T im e s w itc h
(n x n ) (n x n )

m in c o m in g m o u t g o in g
h ig h w a y s h ig h w a y s

T im e s w itc h T im e s w itc h
(n x n ) (n x n )

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 STS SWITCH

A s w itc h C s w it c h

m
m
in c o m in g m x k m x k o u t g o in g
h ig h w a y s h ig h w a y s

T im e s w itc h
(n x n )

k lin k s

T im e s w itc h
(n x n )

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 TST/STS COMPARISON

 The architecture of TST is more complex

 TST becomes more cost-effective because
time expansion can be achieved at less cost
than space expansion
 TST has edge over STS when a large
amount of traffic must be handled

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 RECOMMENDED READING
Chapter 8 :Data Communication and Networking, 4th Edition
by Behrouz A. Forouzan

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