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EMFT TxLine
EMFT TxLine
EMFT TxLine
Introduction to Wave
Propagation
• Waves on transmission lines
• Plane waves in one dimension
• Reflection and transmission at junctions
• Spatial variations for harmonic time
dependence
• Impedance transformations in space
• Effect of material conductivity
1
Waves on Transmission Lines
2
Examples of Transmission Lines
Two-Wire Line
I(z,t) + (Twisted Pair)
V(z,t) - z
I(z,t) +
Coaxial Line
V(z,t) -
Conductors
Dielectric
Strip Line
3
Properties of Transmission Lines (TL’s)
Open circuit
I(t) + E
V(t) -
l
The two wires act as a capacitor. Voltage applied to the wires
induces a charge on the wires, whose time derivative is the current.
Since the total charge, and hence the current, is proportional to
the length l of the wires. Let the constant of proportionality be
C Farads/meter. Then
dV (t)
I(t) Cl
dt
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 5
Inductance of a Small Length of Line
B Short circuit
I(t) +
V(t) -
l
The wire acts as a one - turn coil. Current applied to the wires induces
a magnetic field throught the loop, whose time derivative generates the
voltage. The amount of magnetic flux (magnetic field area), and hence
the voltage, is proportional to the length l of the wires. Let the constant
of proportality be L Henrys/meter. Then
dI(t)
V(t) Ll
dt
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 6
C and L for an Air Filled Coaxial Line
2o o
C L lnb a
lnb a 2
a
109
b Permittivity of vacuum : o Farads/m
36
Permeability of vacuum : o 4 107 Henrys/m
w h
C L
h w
Note that for air between the plates o and o so that
1 1 L h o h
3 10 8 m/s 377
LC o o C w o w
-a+vt
Note that the current in the conductor at
positive potential flows in the direction of vt
wave propagation.
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 12
G(t+z/v) Is a Wave Traveling in -z Direction
Assume that F(t z /v) 0
Then the voltage and current are
t=0 V(z,0)=G[(1/v)(z)]
-vt
Because of the minus sign in I(z,t), the
physical current in the conductor at positive a-vt
potential flows in the direction of wave propagation.
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 13
Example of Source Excitation
Excitation at one end of a semi - infinite length of transmission line.
Source has open circuit voltage VS (t) and internal resistance RS .
Radiation condition requires that excited waves travel away from source.
Terminal conditions at z 0 :
Z
V(l,t) F (t l v) VS (t l v) Scope
Z RS RS
Delayed version of the source voltage VS(t) + V(l,t) ∞
with the semi - infinite line acting as a
z
load resisor for the source.
0 l
Z
V(l,t) Gt ( l v) V (t l v) Scope
Z RS S RS
Delayed version of the source voltage +
VS(t)
∞ V(-l,t)
with the semi - infinite line acting as a
load resisor for the source.
-l 0 z
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 15
Power Carried by Waves
Instantaneous power P(z,t) carried past plane P(z,t)
perpendicular to z. I(z,t)
V(z,t)
P(z,t) V (z,t)I(z,t)
1 z
F(t z v) G(t z v) F(t z v) G(t z v)
Z
1
F 2 (t z v) G 2 (t z v)
Z
The electric field goes from the positive plate to the negative plate. If
w >> h, the electric field outside of the plates is very small. Between
the plates it is nearly constant over the cross - section with value
1
E x (z,t) V (z,t) Volts/m or V (z,t) hE x (z,t).
h
w
Recall that C .
h
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 19
Magnetic Field and Current for Parallel Plates
w
x I(z,t) h
z
y Hy(z,t) or By(z,t)
The magnetic field links the currents in the plates. If w >> h, the magnetic
field outside of the plates is very small. Between the plates it is nearly
constant over the cross - section, as if in a solenoid, with value
1
By (z,t) I(z,t) I(z,t) Amps/m or I(z,t) wH y (z,t).
1 1
Hy (z,t)
w w
h
Recall that L .
w
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 20
Maxwell’s Equations in 1-D
Inserting the foregoing expressions for V(z,t), C, I(z,t) and L into the
Transmission Line equations
h w
hE x (z,t) wHy (z,t) wH y (z,t) hE x (z,t)
z w t z h t
or
E x (z,t) Hy (z,t) H y (z,t) E x (z,t)
z t z t
These are the two Maxwell equations for linearly polarized wave propagating in
1- D. They are independent of ( h,w) and refer to the fields.
We may think of the plates as being taken to ( x,y) so they need not be
considered.
The field are in the form of a plane wave, which covers all space and is a simple
approximation for fields in a limited region of space, such as a laser beam.
H
1 2
F (t z /v) G 2 (t z /v)
Direction of H y is such that turning a right hand screw in the
direction from E x to H y advances the screw in the direction of
propagation
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 23
Polarization
The physical properties of a plane wave are independent of the
coordinate system.
Hy(0-,t) Hy(0+,t) z
Plane wave propagation and
boundary conditions are analogus Medium 1 Medium 2
to junctioning of two TL' s
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 28
Reflection and Transmission
Incident wave x
ExIn(z,t)=F1(t-z/v1)
HyIn(z,t) Transmitted wave
z
Reflected wave
v1 and 1 v2 and 2
A source creates an incident wave whose electric field is given by the known
function F1 (t - z/v1 ). Using the boundary conditions we solve for the unknown
functions G1 (t + z/v 1 ) and F2 (t - z/v 2 ) for the electric fields of the reflected
and transmitted waves : E x (0,t) F1 (t) + G1 (t) F2 (t) E x (0 ,t)
1 1
Hy (0 ,t) F1 (t) - G1 (t) F2 (t) H y (0 ,t)
1 2
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 29
Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
Solution of the boundary condition equations for G1 (t) and F2 (t) in terms of F1 (t)
G1 (t) F1 (t) F2 (t) F1 (t)
The reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient are given by :
2 2
2 1 1
2 1 2 1
Examples :
I. Suppose medium 1 is air so that 1 o o 377 and medium 2 has
relative dielectric constant r 4 so that 2 o ro 0.5. Then going
0.5 1 1 2
from air - to - dielectric ad and ad 1
0.5 3 3 3
II. Now suppose the wave is incident from the dielectric onto air so that medium 1
is the dielectric 1 0.5 and medium 2 is air 2 . Then going from
0.5 1 1 4
dielectic - to - air, da and ad 1
0.5 3 3 3
Note that :
1. da ad
2. Since T is the ratio of fields, not power, it can be greater than 1.
For waves going from medium 2 to medium 1, the reflection coefficient 12 is
the negative of 21 going from medium 1 to medium 2. Thus for either
pRe (0,t) 2 pTr (0 ,t) 2
case the ratios In and In 1 are the same.
p (0 ,t) p (0 ,t)
Therefore the same fraction of the incident power is reflected from and
transmitted through the interface for waves incident from either medium.
This result is an example of a very general wave property called reciprocity.
Space - time diagram indicates the relative amplitudes of the electric field of
the individual components of the multiply reflected waves. In adding fields,
account must be taken of the relative delay between the different components.
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 36
Summary of Reflection and Transmission
V (z) V (z)
|V+| V (0)
z
0 z
Incident wave x
Plane wave incident on a perfectly
ExIn(z) Perfect conduticng plate and the equivalent
HyIn(z) conductor circuit of a shorted TL
E x (0) 0 and H y (0) I SC
0 z The standing wave field is
E (z)
Re
Reflected wave
jI SC sinkz
ISC Two waves of equal amplitude and
traveling in opposite directions create
, v short
a standing wave.
0 z
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 43
Standing Wave Before a Conductor, cont.
Plot of the magnitude of the standing wave field
E x (z) ISC sinkz
ISC
-z
of the instantaneous power is P(z) 12 Re V (z)I (z) watts
Using the traveling wave representation
jkz 1
P(z) Re V e V e V e V e jkz 1
2 2
1
2
jkz jkz
V V
Z 2Z
Note that the average power is the algebraic sum of the power carried by
the incident and reflected waves, and it is independent of z.
For harmonic plane waves p(z) Re E x (z)H (z) watts/m 2
1
2
y
p(z) E
1 2 2
In terms of traveling waves In
E Re
2
x x
2Z 2Z 0 z
v1 , 1 v 2 , 2 v3 , 3
Z= 2
ZIN(l) Z L = 3
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 51
Circuit Solution for Reflection Coefficient
Medium 3 acts as a load on the layer to the left. A semi - infinite TL (medium)
at its terminals (accessible surface) acts as a resistor so that ZL 3 .
Impedance of the finite segment of TL is Z 2 . Wavenumber of this
segment is k 2 v 2 r2 oo ko r2
where ko oo is the wavenumber of free space.
Input impedance at left surface of the layer is then
3 cos(k2 l) j 2 sin(k 2 l)
ZIN (l) 2
2 cos(k2 l) j 3 sin(k 2 l)
Reflection coefficient for the wave incident from medium 1 is
Z (l) 1 2 3 1 cos(k 2 l) j( 2 13 )sin(k 2 l)
2
IN
ZIN (l) 1 2 3 1 cos(k 2 l) j( 22 1 3 )sin(k2 l)
v1 , 1 v2 , 2 v3 , 3
l=k2)=
cos(k 2 l) cos(k 2 2 4) cos( /2) 0 and sin(k2 l) sin( /2) 1
so that ZIN ( 2 /4) 22 / 3
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 55
Example 2: Quarter Wave Layers, cont.
22 13
For this value of ZIN we have 2
2 1 3
If we choose the layer material such that 22 1 3 , then 0 and no
reflection takes place.
Suppose that medium 1 is air and medium 3 is glass with relative
dielectric constant g
o o o
For no reflection : 22 1 3 or r2 g
r2 o o g o
v2 1 vo
Note that the layer thickness is l 2 /4
4 f 4 f r 2o o 4 f r 2
o
or l where o is the wavelength in air.
4 4 g
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 56
Summary of Impedance Transformation
If w >> h, the fields between the plates are nearly constant over the cross - section,
so that the phasor circuit quantities are V (z) hE x (z) and I(z) wH y (z).
Substituting these exprsssions in the TL equations for harmonic time dependence,
along with the expressions for G, C, L gives Maxwell' s equations
dE x (z) dH y (z)
j H y (z) j E x (z)
dz dz
* Common materials are not well defined mixtures and often contain water.
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 63
Incorporating Material Loss Into Waves
Using the equivalent complex dielectric constant, Maxwell's equations
have the same form as when no loss (conductivity) is present.
The solutions therefore have the same mathematical form with
replaced by ˆ.
For example, the traveling wave solutions in a material are
1
E x (z) V e jkz V e jkz and H y (z) V e jkz V e jkz
Here k ˆ o r j" and
ˆ o r j"
are complex quantities.
V+
V+e
z
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 66
Attenuation in dB
For a traveling wave, the attenuation in units of deci - Bells is found from
E x (z) V exp(z)
Attn 20log10 20log10
E x (0) V
20 z log10 e 8.67z
Thus the attenuation rate of the wave in a medium is 8.67 dB/m
or
V cos( t - z)exp( z)
V+
z
V+e
July, 2003 © 2003 by H.L. Bertoni 68
Loss Damps Out Reflection in Media
Traveling wave
amplitude
Reflected wave
z
IN Re
E (z) V exp(z)
x E (z) V exp( z)
x