Diseases and First

aid
By Ayush Singh
8A 2
 Health
Health is defined as a state of complete state of physical, mental and
social well being, and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.

Disease:
 Disease is caused by the deficiency of nutrients or improper functioning
of the body or genetic disorder, which is defined as the departure from
actual health to ill due to the structural or functional disorder of the body.

Example: Cancer, brain tumour, heart attack etc.

 Categories/ Types of Diseases
The two types of diseases are :-

Communicable diseases:
• Communicable diseases are diseases which transmit from one person to another by the
entry of microorganisms. They are spread by disease causing germs called pathogens.

Non Communicable diseases:

The non-communicable disease is a disease which is not caused by germs and not
transmitted from one to another. This is caused by some improper functioning of the
body organs. Examples of non-communicable diseases are diabetes, heart attack etc.
 Spread of COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
Direct method and indirect method
1. Direct method- Diseases like measles, chicken poc and fungal infection are
spread
2. through direct contact with an infected person.
3. Indirect method-
(i)Touching and sharing items used by the infected person.
(ii)Contaminated food and water or drink.
(iii)Vectors are organisms which carry germs from a source of infection but
themselves do not get the disease.
Example-mosquito, house flies etc.
(iv)Droplet infection-Many viral and infectious disease are spread from droplets.
Example- Tuberculosis, measles, diphtheria etc.
 Communicable diseases
1.Diseases caused by viruses-
(i)influenza- Influenza is a a highly contagious viral infection of the
respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, and catarrh, and
often occurring in epidemics.
(ii)Measles- measles is a an infectious viral disease causing fever and
a red rash, typically occurring in childhood.
(iii)AIDS - a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's
cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and
malignancy.
 2.Diseases caused by vectors-
(i)Malaria-
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans
and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include
fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases it can
cause yellow skin, seizures, coma, or death.
(ii)Dengue-
a debilitating viral disease of the tropics, transmitted by
mosquitoes, and causing sudden fever and acute pains in the joints.
(iii)Chikungunya-
Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted to humans by infected
mosquitoes. It causes fever and severe joint pain. Other symptoms
include muscle pain, headache, nausea, fatigue and rash.
 Measures for diseases
1. Personal Hygiene-
Personal hygiene means keeping ourselves clean whereas public
hygiene means keeping our surrounding clean. If our surrounding is
clean, then it gives us good mental health. That is why Public hygiene
is equally as important as personal hygiene.
2.Healthy environment-
WE should maintain an healthy environment by preventing the
spread of diseases due to the breeding of mosquitos, house flies and
microorganisms.
 vaccination
 Vaccination is a method of making the body immune to a
particular disease by injecting killed or weakened disease-causing
microbe into a body to stimulate the formation of antibodies and
develop immunity to that disease-causing microbe.
Its idea was conceived of Edward Jenner.
A vaccination is a treatment which makes the body stronger
against a particular infection. Vaccination involves showing the
immune system something which looks very similar to a particular
virus or bacteria, which helps the immune system be stronger
when it is fighting against the real infection.
 A Vaccine can be prepared by the
following methods:-
• Killed germs are introduced into the body which acts as a vaccine for TAB, a vaccine for
typhoid, Salk’s vaccine for poliomyelitis. Rabies vaccine for a dog bite.
•  Living weakened germs: The living germs are treated in such a way they become very
weak and cannot cause the disease. They can induce antibody formation such as the
vaccine for measles and the frozen dried BCG vaccine for tuberculosis.
•  Living fully virulent germs: These virulent germs in small doses are introduced into
the body as vaccine and these produce antibodies in the body and these do not allow the
germs of a particular type to cause that disease: In this vaccination, the person is
inoculated with cowpox virus. It is very similar to the smallpox virus.
•  Toxoids: Toxoids are prepared from the extracts of toxins which are secreted by bacteria.
These are poisons and made harmless by adding formalin into them. They retain their
capacity and as a result, when introduced into the body they produce into the body and
do not allow the germs to grow in the body as vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus.
Immunization:
 Immunization is the process of developing resistance to the
weaken the germs into the body and the body immune will get
improved. The germs or the material introduced into the body to
make it resistant to the concerned disease is called vaccine. This
produces antibodies in the body of the person and the person can
be saved by these antibodies. Polio drops, tap vaccine for typhoid,
BCG vaccine for tuberculosis are the examples of immunization.

The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and the varicella

(chickenpox) vaccine are examples. Killed (inactivated) vaccines are
made from a protein or other small pieces taken from a virus or
bacteria. The whooping cough (pertussis) vaccine is an example
 First Aid-
• When one gets burnt up accidentally one should not pull clothes from the
burnt area and one should not cut the blisters. One should apply butter,
Vaseline or ointment.
• Superficial burns: When there are superficial bums, put cold water on it
and apply some oily substance, burnol, castor oil, Vaseline, butter etc.
• Deep burns: When there are deep bums, do not put cold water on the burnt
area. Seek the help of hospital and one should be kept under the treatment
of some expert doctor of skin.
• Chemical burns: When there are chemical burns i.e. due to acid and other
chemicals, with running water for 10 minutes and then cover with dressing.
Bleeding-
Place a sterile bandage or clean cloth on the wound. Press the
bandage firmly with your palm to control bleeding. Apply constant
pressure until the bleeding stops. Maintain pressure by binding the
wound with a thick bandage or a piece of clean cloth.

Fractures-
• Stop any bleeding. Apply pressure to the wound with a sterile
bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing.
• Immobilize the injured area. Don't try to realign the bone or push
a bone that's sticking out back in. ...
• Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain.
EYE-
First aid care for foreign objects in the eyes includes: Don't rub
your eyes. Lift the upper eyelid up and out over the lower lid, and
then roll your eyes around. Flush your eyes generously with
water, and keep your eyes open during flushing.

Unconsciousness-
• Check whether the person is breathing. ...
• Raise their legs at least 12 inches above the ground.
• Loosen any restrictive clothing or belts. ...
• Check their airway to make sure there's no obstruction.
• Check again to see if they're breathing, coughing, or moving.
Swallowing poison-
Make the person drink as much saline water as possible and gtry
to endure vomiting.
Snake bite-
Tie a tourniquet on the affected part so that the venom does not
spread and also squeeze out some blood from the affected part.
Sting-
Wash the area of the bite with soap and water. Place a cold
compress or ice pack on the area for about 10 minutes to help
reduce pain and swelling. Apply calamine lotion or a paste of
baking soda and water to the injured area to help relieve itching
and pain.
Fever-
If the child's temperature is higher than 100.4 F, call your
pediatrician. Bathing or sponging the child with lukewarm water
may help bring down a fever. Do not use cold water, ice baths, or
alcohol.
Bad Habits to be avoided
(1) Harmful effects of consuming tobacco-
Smoking can cause lung disease by damaging your airways and
the small air sacs (alveoli) found in your lungs. Lung diseases
caused by smoking include COPD, which includes emphysema and
chronic bronchitis. Cigarette smoking causes most cases of lung
cancer. Even non smokers sitting with active smokers may suffer
from these.
2. Harmful effects of alcohol-
• Heavy drinkers are at risk of harmful, potentially life-
threatening liver problems. ... It can also cause liver failure and
type 2 diabetes. Other serious liver complications associated
with prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption
are alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis.
3. Harmful effects of drugs-
Drugs are chemicals that affect the body and brain. Different
drugs can have different effects. Some effects of drugs include
health consequences that are long-lasting and permanent. They
can even continue after a person has stopped taking the
substance. Drugs which cause an insensible condition in human
beings is called narcotic drugs.
THANK YOU