s of

Trigonomet
ric
Functions
Right
Triangle
Trigonometry
;
Applications
 Trigonometric
Functions of Acute
Angles
 Right triangle: Triangle in
which one angle is a right
angle
 Hypotenuse: Side opposite
the right angle in a right
triangle
 Legs: Remaining two sides in
a right triangle
 Trigonometric
Functions of Acute
Angles
 Non-right angles in a right
triangle must be acute (0± <
µ < 90±)
 Pythagorean Theorem: a2 +
b2 = c2
 Trigonometric
Functions of Acute
Angles

These functions
will all be
positive
 Trigonometric
Functions of Acute
Angles
 Example.
Problem: Find the exact value of
the six trigonometric functions
of the angle µ
Answer:
 Complementary Angle
Theorem
 Complementary angles: Two
acute angles whose sum is a
right angle
 In a right triangle, the two
acute angles are
complementary
Complementary Angle
Theorem
 Complementary Angle
Theorem
 Cofunctions:
 sine and cosine
 tangent and cotangent

 secant and cosecant

 Theorem. [Complementary
Angle Theorem]
Cofunctions of
complementary angles are
equal
 Complementary Angle
Theorem
 Example
Problem: Find the exact value of

tan 12± { cot 78± without using

a calculator
Answer:
 Solving Right
Triangles
 Convention:
 ® is always the angle opposite side a
 ¯ is always the angle opposite side b
 Side c is the hypotenuse
 Solving a right triangle: Finding the
missing lengths of the sides and
missing measures of the angles
 Convention:
 Express lengths rounded to two
decimal places
 Express angles in degrees rounded to
one decimal place
 Solving Right
Triangles
 We know:
a2 + b2 = c2
 ® + ¯ = 90±
 Solving Right
Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If b = 6 and ¯ = 65±,
find a, c and ®
Answer:
 Solving Right
Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 8 and b = 5, find
c, ® and ¯
Answer:
 Applications of Right
Triangles
 Angle of Elevation
 Angle of Depression
 Applications of Right
Triangles
 Example.
Problem: The angle of elevation
of the Sun is 35.1± at the
instant it casts a shadow 789
feet long of the Washington
Monument. Use this
information to calculate the
height of the monument.
Answer:
 Applications of Right
Triangles
 Direction or Bearing from a
point O to a point P : Acute
angle µ between the ray OP
and the vertical line through
O
 Key Points
 Trigonometric Functions of
Acute Angles
 Complementary Angle
Theorem
 Solving Right Triangles
 Applications of Right
Triangles
The Law of
Sines
 Solving Oblique
Triangles
 Oblique Triangle: A triangle
which is not a right triangle
 Can have three acute angles,
or
 Two acute angles and one
obtuse angle (an angle
between 90± and 180±)
 Solving Oblique
Triangles
 Convention:
 ® is always the angle opposite
side a
 ¯ is always the angle opposite
side b
 ° is always the angle opposite
side c
 Solving Oblique
Triangles
 Solving an oblique triangle:
Finding the missing lengths
of the sides and missing
measures of the angles
 Must know one side,
together with
 Two angles
 One angle and one other side

 The other two sides

 Solving Oblique
Triangles
 Known information:
 One side and two angles: (ASA,
SAA)
 Two sides and angle opposite
one of them: (SSA)
 Two sides and the included
angle (SAS)
 All three sides (SSS)
 Law of Sines
 Theorem. [Law of Sines]
For a triangle with sides a, b, c and
opposite angles ®, ¯, °,
respectively

 Law of Sines can be used to solve

ASA, SAA and SSA triangles
 Use the fact that ® + ¯ + ° = 180±
Solving SAA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If b = 13, ® = 65±, and
¯ = 35±, find a, c and °
Answer:
Solving ASA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If c = 2, ® = 68±, and ¯
= 40±, find a, b and °
Answer:
Solving SSA Triangles
 Ambiguous Case
 Information may result in
 One solution
 Two solutions

 No solutions
Solving SSA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 7, b = 9 and ¯ =
49±, find c, ® and °
Answer:
Solving SSA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 5, b = 4 and ¯ =
80±, find c, ® and °
Answer:
Solving SSA Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 17, b = 14 and ¯
= 25±, find c, ® and °
Answer:
 Solving Applied
Problems
 Example.
Problem: An airplane is sighted
at the same time by two
ground observers who are 5
miles apart and both directly
west of the airplane. They
report the angles of elevation
as 12± and 22±. How high is the
airplane?
Solution:
 Key Points
 Solving Oblique Triangles
 Law of Sines
 Solving SAA Triangles
 Solving ASA Triangles
 Solving SSA Triangles
 Solving Applied Problems
The Law of
Cosines
Section 7.3
 Law of Cosines
 Theorem. [Law of Cosines]
For a triangle with sides a, b, c
and opposite angles ®, ¯, °,
respectively

 Law of Cosines can be used to

solve SAS and SSS triangles
 Law of Cosines
 Theorem. [Law of Cosines -
Restated]
The square of one side of a
triangle equals the sum of the
squares of the two other sides
minus twice their product times
the cosine of the included angle.
 The Law of Cosines generalizes
the Pythagorean Theorem
 Take ° = 90±
Solving SAS Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 5, c = 9, and ¯ =
25±, find b, ® and °
Answer:
Solving SSS Triangles
 Example.
Problem: If a = 7, b = 4, and c =
8, find ®, ¯ and °
Answer:
 Solving Applied
Problems
 Example. In flying the 98 miles from
Stevens Point to Madison, a student
pilot sets a heading that is 11± off
course and maintains an average
speed of 116 miles per hour. After
15 minutes, the instructor notices
the course error and tells the
student to correct the heading.
(a) Problem: Through what angle will the
plane move to correct the heading?
Answer:
(b) Problem: How many miles away is
Madison when the plane turns?
Answer:
 Key Points
 Law of Cosines
 Solving SAS Triangles
 Solving SSS Triangles
 Solving Applied Problems
Area of a
Triangle
Section 7.4
 Area of a Triangle
 Theorem.
The area A of a triangle is

where b is the base and h is

an altitude drawn to that
base
Area of SAS Triangles
 If we know two sides a and b and
the included angle °, then

 Also,

 Theorem.
The area A of a triangle equals
one-half the product of two of its
sides times the sine of their
included angle.
Area of SAS Triangles
 Example.
Problem: Find the area A of the
triangle for which a = 12, b =
15 and ° = 52±
Solution:
Area of SSS Triangles
 Theorem. [Heron’s Formula]
The area A of a triangle with
sides a, b and c is

where
Area of SSS Triangles
 Example.
Problem: Find the area A of the
triangle for which a = 8, b = 6
and c = 5
Solution:
 Key Points
 Area of a Triangle
 Area of SAS Triangles
 Area of SSS Triangles
Harmonic
Motion;
Damped
Motion;
Combining
Section 7.5
Waves
 Simple Harmonic
Motion
 Equilibrium
(rest) position
 Amplitude:
Distance from
rest position to
greatest
displacement
 Period: Length
of time to
complete one
vibration
 Simple Harmonic
Motion
 Simple harmonic motion:
Vibrational motion in which
acceleration a of the object
is directly proportional to the
negative of its displacement
d from its rest position
a = {kd, k > 0
 Assumes no friction or other
resistance
 Simple Harmonic
Motion
 Simple harmonic motion is
related to circular motion
 Simple Harmonic
Motion
 Theorem. [Simple Harmonic
Motion]
An object that moves on a
coordinate axis so that the
distance d from its rest position at
time t is given by either
d = a cos(!t) or d = a sin(!t)
where a and ! > 0 are constants,
moves with simple harmonic
motion.
The motion has amplitude jaj and
period
 Simple Harmonic
Motion
 Frequency of an object in
simple harmonic motion:
Number of oscillations per
unit time
 Frequency f is reciprocal of
period
 Simple Harmonic
Motion
 Example. Suppose that an object
attached to a coiled spring is pulled
down a distance of 6 inches from its
rest position and then released.
Problem: If the time for one oscillation is
4 seconds, write an equation that
relates the displacement d of the
object from its rest position after time
t (in seconds). Assume no friction.

Answer:
 Simple Harmonic
Motion
 Example. Suppose that the
displacement d (in feet) of an
object at time t (in seconds)
satisfies the equation
d = 6 sin(3t)
(a) Problem: Describe the motion of the
object.
Answer:
(b) Problem: What is the maximum
displacement from its resting
position?
Answer:
 Simple Harmonic
Motion
 Example. (cont.)
(c) Problem: What is the time
required for one oscillation?
Answer:
(d) Problem: What is the
frequency?
Answer:
 Damped Motion
 Most physical systems
experience friction or other
resistance
 Damped Motion
 Theorem. [Damped Motion]
The displacement d of an
oscillating object from its at-rest
position at time t is given by

where b is a damping factor

(damping coefficient) and m is
the mass of the oscillating object.
 Damped Motion

Here jaj is the displacement at

t = 0 and is the period
under simple harmonic motion
(no damping).
 Damped Motion
 Example. A simple pendulum
with a bob of mass 15 grams
and a damping factor of 0.7
grams per second is pulled 11
centimeters from its at-rest
position and then released. The
period of the pendulum without
the damping effect is 3 seconds.
Problem: Find an equation that
describes the position of the
pendulum bob.
Answer:
 Graphing the Sum of
Two Functions
 Example. f(x) = x + cos(2x)
Problem: Use the method of
adding y-coordinates to graph
y = f(x)
6

Answer: 4

    3 2
   
2 2 2

-2

-4

-6