PRESENTATIO

N ON
RENAL
CALCULI
 INTRODUCTION

• A RENAL CALCULI IS A SOLID PIECE OF MATERIAL THAT

FORMS IN THE KIDNEY WHEN SUBSTANCE THAT ARE
NORMALLY FOUND IN THE URINE BECOME HIGHLY
CONCENTRATED. KIDNEY STONE ARE ONE OF THE MOST
COMMON DISORDERS OF THE URINARY TRACT. STONES
ARE FORMED DUE TO THE DEPOSITION OF CERTAIN
ELEMENTS SUCH AS CALCIUM , ETC.
 DEFINITION

• KIDNEY STONE ( RENAL LITHIASIS , NEPHROLITHIASIS)

ARE HARD DEPOSITS MADE OF MINERALS AND SALTS
THAT FORM INSIDE YOUR KIDNEY.

• KIDNEY STONE ALSO KNOWN AS RENAL LITHIASIS ,

RENAL CALCULI OR NEPHROLITHIASIS.
TYPES OF RENAL CALCULI:
CAUSES
 RISK FACTOR

• FAMILY AND PERSONAL HISTORY

• DEHYDRATION
• BEING OBESE
• CERTAIN DIETS
• UTI
• HYDRONEPHROSIS
• BPH
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• SEVERE PAIN IN THE SIDE AND BACK , BELOW THE RIBS
• PAIN THAT RADIATES TO THE LOWER ABDOMEN AND GROWIN
• PAIN THAT COMES IN WAVES AND FLUCTUATE IN INTENSITY
• PAIN ON URINATION.
• PINK , RED OR BROWN URINE.
• CLOUDY OR FOUL SMELLING URINE.
• PERSISTENT NEED TO URINATE.
• URINATING MORE THEN USUAL.
• FEVER AND CHILLS IF AN INFECTION IS PRESENT.
• URINATING SMALL AMOUNT.
 DIAGNOSIS

• BLOOD TEST
• URINE TESTING
• IMAGING
• ANALYSIS OF PASSED STONES
• PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
• HISTORY COLLECTION
 MEDICAL TREATMENT

• MEDICATION
• LITHOTRIPSY
• SURGERY
• URETEROSCOPY
• DRINKING WATER
 NURSING MANAGEMENT

• PRIMARY IS TO TREAT PAIN- USUALLY WITH OPIOIDS.

• IV INFUSION
• ENSURE PROPER NUTRITIONAL INTAKE.
• PROVIDE EMOTIONAL SUPPORT TO THE PATIENT AND
FAMILY
• REPORT ABNORMAL FINDINGS TO THE DOCTOR.
 COMPLICATION

• COMPLICATION OCCUR AS A RESULT OF UNTREATED

OBSTRUCTION.
• IF URINE FLOW IS NOT RE-ESTABLISHED , SEVERE PAIN
AND HYDRONEPHROSIS WITH RESULTANT KIDNEY
FAILURE MAY OCCUR.
• IN ADDITION , STASIS OF URINE INCREASES THE RISK OF
INFECTION.
 PREVENTION

• PROPER HYDRATION IS A KEY PREVENTIVE MEASURE.

• GET THE CALCIUM YOU NEED.
• AVOID STONE-FORMING FOOD.
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS

• ACUTE PAIN RELATED TO OBSTRUCTION AS EVIDENCED

BY BLOTTING OF THE BLADDER
• FEAR AND ANXIETY RELATED TO DISEASE CONDITION
• DEFICIENT KNOWLEDGE RELATED TO TREATMENT AS
EVIDENCED BY PATIENTS VERBALIZATION
• URINE INCONTINENCE
• LOSS OF APPETITE
SUMMARY
 CONCLUSION

• KIDNEY STONES MAY NOT SEEM VERY SIGNIFICANT , BUT

THESE CRYSTALS ARE TRYING TO PREVENT KIDNEY
STONES IS IMPORTANT. EVERY INDIVIDUAL IS AT RISK
FOR BEING DIAGNOSED WITH KIDNEY STONES AT ANY
AGE. ITS ALWAYS GOOD TO BE PREPARED FOR ANY
SITUATION. THESE STONES CAN AFFECT SOMEONE'S
WHOLE LIFE. JUST A COUPLE WITH CRYSTALS CAN
CHANGE AN INDIVIDUALS WHOLE DAY.
 REFERENCES

• HINKLE .J. & CHEEVER.K.H : “TEXTBOOK OF MEDICAL

SURGICAL NURSING” 2ND VOL. 13TH ED: WOLTERS
KLUWER (INDIA) PVT.LTD, NEW DELHI
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