Confined Space ENG

Confined Space Entry| | September 2019
Confined
Space Entry
CONTENT
• Definition of Confined Space

• Associated Hazards
• Preliminary Controls
o Gastest
o Isolation
o Ventilation
o Cleaning
• Electrical and Fire Safety

• CSE Permit Requirements
• Roles and Responsibilities
• Rescue and Communication Plan
2
DEFINITION
• Not designed for working inside

• Large enough to temporary perform work inside
• Has limited access/ egress
• Might have the following hazards:
o Hazardous atmosphere
o Physical hazards
o Work environment hazards
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
• Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or higher 22,5%

• Flammable gases or vapors (hydrocarbons)
• Toxic gases in concentration exceeding permissible
exposure limits
• Toxic aerosols* in concentration exceeding permissible
exposure limits
• Airborne explosive dust

• Airborne particles or fibers (asbestos, cement, coal,
mineral wool etc.)
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
Atmosphere composition:
• 78% of Nitrogen
• 20.9 % of Oxygen
• 1% of carbon Dioxide and other gases

ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
Oxygen deficiency
19.5% is minimum concentration allowing to work without
forced air supply
12-14% increased respiration, misperception
10-12% blue lips, mental confusion
8-10% nausea, vomiting
6-8% 8 min – 100% fatality, 6 min – 50% fatality,

4-5 min – reanimation is possible
4-6% coma and death in around 40 seconds
The most effective way to maintain healthy oxygen

concentration is ventilation with fresh air
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
Nitrogen
Used for purging, as a cushion on top of liquid
explosives or as a refrigerant (-200 C)
• Mostly inert
• Invisible
• Odorless
• Non-toxic
•
Non-flammable
CAN`T BE DETECTED BY HUMAN SENSES!
Displaces oxygen.
WITHOUT OXYGEN WE DIE!
Has no exposure limits.
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
Oxygen enrichment
The hazard of flammable atmosphere, which сauses flammable
and combustible materials to burn violently when ignited or in the
presence of an ignition source. For example: hair, clothing and
oil-soaked materials.
Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.

Never store or place compressed gas cylinders in a

confined space.
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
Flammable atmosphere
• LOWER EXPLOSION LIMIT (LEL) – Minimum concentration of a flammable
gas at which this gas can ignite in case of presence of an ignition source.
• UPPER EXPLOSION LIMIT (UEL) – Maximum concentration of a
flammable gas at which this gas can ignite in case of presence of an ignition
source.
ATTENTION! Some gases,

as acetylene, do not have
upper explosive limit as they
burn at 100% concentration
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
Toxic gases
Whenever gases, dusts, mists, or vapors exist in concentrations
that can cause illness or injury.
Possible Sources Include:
• Bacterial action (decomposition or decay of substances)
• Substances brought into the space (cleaners, solvents etc.)
• Chemical substances stored in confined spaces
• Gases released when cleaning or welding

• Materials absorbed into walls of confined space
NOTE: Your personal susceptibility to any toxin depends on your

level of activity and your personal health. If you feel any discomfort
in a confined space, exit immediately.
ATMOSPHERIC HAZARDS
Hydrogen
Carbon Sulphide
Monoxide (H2S)
(СО) – petrochemical
Methane (СH4) – swamp gas, a component product of
• Explosive in mixture with air
natural
•• Odorless gas
Highly flammable
• Tasteless • Highly toxic
CAN ACCUMULATE IN LOW
• LEL – 4,3%
• Colorless • Component of combustion
PARTS OF A CONFINED
• • Explosive
Highly
• Lighter than air in mixture with
toxic air– 12,5%
• LEL SPACE!
• Colorless
• Highlythan
• Heavier flammable
air
• • Has
Colorless
СO parts per million parts of air Symptoms Exposure time
the smell of rotten eggs
< 35 Permissible limit 8h

• Odorless
200
H2S parts per million parts of air Symptoms
Some headache, discomfort 3h
Exposure time
< 10 Permissible limit 8h
400-600 Some headache, discomfort, irritation 1–2h
50-100 eyeSome eye and respiratory
and respiratory tract
tract irritation 2h
irritation
Highly
1000-2000
200-300
toxic in high concentration.
½ - 1Signs
1h
h of
Disorientation, headache, nausea,
Considerable
disbalance, eye and
increased respiratory
heart rate
asphyxiation
2000-5000
500-700
show at concentration of 20-30%.
tract irritation
Loss of consciousness
30 minutes
Loss of consciousness, death
½-1h
4000 Loss of consciousness, death Several minutes
1000 Loss of consciousness, death Minutes
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
• Inadequate/ unsafe access or egress

• Engulfment – flowable solid or liquid trapping the
body and suffocation, strangulation or crush
injuries
• Trapping – being unable to escape
• Entanglement
• Space constraints – limited movements

• Moving/ rotating equipment
• Hazards dependent on the type of work in the
confined space
WORK ENVIRONMENT HAZARDS
• Temperature and humidity extremes

• Vibration
• Noise can amplify inside a CS
• Poor lighting
• Poor visibility
• Fatigue
• Claustrophobia
GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
• All CS shall be marked

• All CS shall be
referred to as
hazardous
• All hazards shall be
identified prior to work
• All controls shall be

put in place prior to
work
GENERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
Prior to work…..
• Visit the work place
• Control the sources of hazardous energies
• Analyze atmosphere
• Ventilate
• Clean the space from the content
• Develop Communication and Rescue Plan

• Appoint an attendant and select rescue equipment
• Develop Communication Plan between the attendant and entrants/
rescuers
• Issue the CSE Permit
GAS TESTING
Authorized Gas Tester газоанализатор, проверенный методом
Необходим откалиброванный
В зависимости от особенностей пространства и вида выполняемых
контрольных
работ, выбросов
газоанализ можетперед началом смены
проводиться:
• Person who received a
• Периодически
specialized training and
• На постоянной
Проверка на содержание: основе.
demonstrated skills and Где возможно,
При срабатывании
knowledge
1. Кислорода газоанализатора
in gas detector следует остановить первый
работы, вывести
тест
персонал
use. из пространства и уведомить руководителя. Наряд-допуск
провести ВНЕ
2. Воспламеняемых газов
при этом становится недействующим. ПРОСТРАНСТВА
•3. Токсичных
Person who registers gas
газов
test results in an assigned
В ПОДОБНОЙ СИТУАЦИИ РАБОТЫ ВО ВСЕХ
PTW Section
ОСТАЛЬНЫХ ПРОСТРАНСТВАХ
Если уровень кислорода
ПРИОСТАНАВЛИВАЮТСЯ, близок к нижнему/
А ДОПУСКИ ВРЕМЕННО
верхнему допустимомуДЕЙСТВИЕ
ПРЕКРАЩАЮТ уровню, необходим
постоянный газтест в течение работ
HAZARDOUS SOURCES OF ENERGY ISOLATION
Isolation
Is a temporary removal from service or isolation of equipment to protect
personnel from release of hazardous energy:
• Blanking or blinding that can withstand maximum pressure;
• LOTO to mainly control electrical and mechanical equipment
• Disconnect mechanical drives &shafts
• Secure mechanical parts
• LOTO all areas containing potentially hazardous energy
Prior to entry, the isolation should be done,

double-checked, confirmed, and documented
VENTILATION
• Initial
• Natural
• Forced (supply or exhaust, or even combined)
Ventilation is designed, installed, periodically inspected and

dismantled ONLY by a qualified person/s.
In case of installed ventilation, gas test should be performed

continuously.
If ventilation is impossible or ineffective, the only resort is PPE.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
• Use is strictly controlled
• Used for emergency situations or in case of
potential life danger
• Used for rescue
Cartridge Respirator
• Filter cartridge protecting from dust, mist, vapors.
• Chemical cartridge protect from organic vapors, acid
gases and other specific contaminants
• Will not protect from oxygen-deficient or enriched

atmosphere!
Single use disposable mask

• Protects from dust and chemical vapors in low
concentrations
• Should be disposed of after usage
• Will not protect from oxygen-deficient or enriched
atmosphere!
CLEANING
• Deposits or sediments may release toxic or

flammable material when disturbed
• Temperature changes may also cause
materials to be released
• Ingress of dangerous fumes from adjacent
work may affect purged spaces

• Toxic gases may be low-lying and differ in
concentration around CS
ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Electrical
Lighting
What should hand
and tools
electrical
be indicated equipment in the CSE PTW
• NOT recommended for use inside a confined space OR
• Shall
Distribution
• • With be low panel
voltage: feeding
maximum 12 electric
V. tools is:
maximum allowable 50 V alternating current (or 110 V with earthing of direct-current
• source o Equipped
Low voltage
midpoint)can be with automatic
ensured circuit breaker for 30 мА
by the following:
oo Dividing step-voltagebetransformer with double windingbreaker
to reduce outlet voltage to
Equipped
• If not possible, tools shouldwith earth into:
plugged leakage circuit
12
o AVground fault circuit breaker OR
oo Checked
Approved energyfor proper
storage working
system with provedorder
isolation
o A step-down transformer reducing outlet voltage to 50 V OR
• •Explosion
Temporary grounding is used if permanent is not
o Portable flashlights or lanterns with protective caging.
proof design
в допуске к работам должно быть указано
Ifpossible
• • With double insulation

not possible, additional controls should be applied, which should be
• With protective casing and automatic cutoff switch
• Exact
indicated
• Preferably
location
in a JSA: of the compressor if pneumatic tools
with battery/ accumulator powerequipped
source with automatic circuit breaker for 30
o Dividing step-voltage transformer
• Highare used
integrity
мА and a(to
groundingexclude
ground fumes
fault circuit breaker and gases ingress into
o Double
compressor
• Hand tools
o
during
madeinsulation
of non-ferrous
Automatic mode
air
metal supply to the
to prevent sparking tools).
• Where practicable, cablesonly.
should enter the space through entry point that is not used by the
personnel
FIRE SAFETY
• All CSE wok places shall be
equipped with fire protection
means respective to risks.
• Number and types of fire

extinguishers and other
necessary equipment is defined

in JSA.
• Prior to work all flammable materials should be removed

from the work area.
CSE PERMIT TO WORK
• Date of entry and permit validity
(maximum 12 hours)
Confined
• Entry purpose
Space Entry Permit to Work
• Hazardsdoesn`t
and controls
give the right to perform works
• Entrants names
in a
• Assigned attendant`s nameconfined space.
• Name of a Performing Authority
IT ONLY PROVIDES FOR SAFE
• Used equipment ENTRY!

• Gas analysis
• Sanction for entry (gas test results,
purging, cleaning, isolation, PPE etc.)
• Communication Plan
• Rescue Plan
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Performing Authority ensures:
• Compulsory training for all personnel engaged in CSE works.

• Provision of controls for all identified hazards prior to entry
• Personnel hazard awareness (Tool Box Talk).
• Provision, suitability, correct use and sufficiency of required PPE.
• Correct performance of duties by attendant.
• Prior to entry, check of availability and readiness of Recue Team

and equipment according to the Permit.
• Good housekeeping and removal of personnel and equipment
from the space in the end of work.
Immediately
Attendant removes personnel from the space, if:
• Maintains COMMUNICATION with entrants
Id aPrevents
personhazardous
•• Potentially responsible
UNAUTHORIZED for
conditions communication with
are detected outside
ACCESS entrants.
the space
Keeps
•• Entrants
•• Shall
Attendant should
• Gas detector went off
Can`t leave histhe
ENTRY
show
knowthe
post
signstill
LOG
thearea
of the end of or
temperature
requirements
operation
substancein
of Rescue Procedure
the space.
exposure
• Any entrant
Monitors informed on health deterioration
for NEW HAZARDS
•InShould
case of
NEVER enter
• Shall have a communication means indicated in the permit
• Summons up HELP IN CASE OF EMERGENCY
emergency in a CS, gives following info to
know:
confined space
• Removes people from the space in case of emergency
rescuers:
The current number
o of personnel in the space
• Performs rescue from outside the space, if safe and the
o The duration of personnel staying in the space
• His nameequipment is available
rescue
• CS locationrelated to the operation and possible signs of exposure
o Hazards
•• Capable
Possible of assessing
o Nature cause the
of emergency
of simultaneous/
situation to make a decision on
concurrent works
• Number
immediateof people in the space
evacuation of personnel from the space
• Any other information which will provide for quick and effective rescue
Entrants should:
• Ensure all hazard controls mentioned in the permit are in place
• A PERSON
Wear safety harness withIS CONSIDERED
a life TO between
line secured to the D-ring
shoulder blades
HAVE ENTERED THE SPACE,
• Immediately leave the space upon the Attendant`s instruction
•
IFinstructions
Comply with ANY PART OF THEapplicable
and procedures BODYto the work
scope
•
CROSSED THE PLANE OF ENTRY
Be competent to perform work and fully aware on the work
method POINT
• Use applicable PPE
• Report the work completion to the Supervisor
RESCUE PLAN
Confined Space location

Type of work (plus all complementary permits)
Rescue Team members
Communication means and contact numbers
Communication Plan
Rescue equipment to be used by rescuers
PPE to be used by rescuers
Indication if entry will be needed for rescue purpose

and possibility of limited means of entry
Confined space description

RESCUE PLAN
The space diagram

Required signatures:
• Performing Authority – develops the plan
• Rescue Team Leader – approves the plan
WORK COMPLETION
• If the work is complete:
o Remove personnel, equipment, tools, materials, waste from the
space
o Close the Entry Log
o Close the space
o Close the permit

• If the work continues the next shift:

o Analyze the job (New hazards? Any problems? Concurrent
works? Etc.) and hand over the information to the next shift
Supervisor.
Questions?

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Confined Space Entry| | September 2019

• Definition of Confined Space

• Electrical and Fire Safety

• Not designed for working inside

• Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or higher 22,5%

• Airborne explosive dust

• 1% of carbon Dioxide and other gases

6-8% 8 min – 100% fatality, 6 min – 50% fatality,

The most effective way to maintain healthy oxygen

Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.

Never store or place compressed gas cylinders in a

ATTENTION! Some gases,

• Gases released when cleaning or welding

NOTE: Your personal susceptibility to any toxin depends on your

< 35 Permissible limit 8h

• Inadequate/ unsafe access or egress

• Space constraints – limited movements

• Temperature and humidity extremes

• All CS shall be marked

• All controls shall be

• Develop Communication and Rescue Plan

Prior to entry, the isolation should be done,

Ventilation is designed, installed, periodically inspected and

In case of installed ventilation, gas test should be performed

• Will not protect from oxygen-deficient or enriched

Single use disposable mask

• Deposits or sediments may release toxic or

work may affect purged spaces

• • With double insulation

• Number and types of fire

necessary equipment is defined

• Prior to work all flammable materials should be removed

• Used equipment ENTRY!

• Compulsory training for all personnel engaged in CSE works.

• Prior to entry, check of availability and readiness of Recue Team

Confined Space location

Rescue equipment to be used by rescuers

PPE to be used by rescuers

Indication if entry will be needed for rescue purpose

Confined space description

The space diagram

o Close the space

o Close the permit

• If the work continues the next shift:

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