MANAGEMENT

INFORMATION SYSTEMS
MUHAMMAD ZUNNURAIN HUSSAIN
MSC COMPUTER NETWORKING, UK
BSC TELECOMMUNICATION, PAKISTAN
 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
• QUIZZES
• ASSIGNMENTS
• PRESENTATIONS
• RESEARCH/REVIEW PAPERS IEEE STYLE
• MIDTERM
• FINAL TERM
• CLASS PARTICIPATION
• ATTENDANCE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

• DEFINING NEEDS
• AREAS COVERED
• ORGANIZATION & INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS
• UNIQUE ATTRIBUTES OF ORGANIZATION
• EFFECT OF CHANGES IN ENVIRONMENT
• SYSTEMS VS. PROCEDURES
• TYPES OF SYSTEMS
 CONTD…

• WHAT ARE SYSTEMS?

• INFRASTRUCTURE
• SUPPORT SYSTEMS
• DATA MART
• DECISION MAKING
• PHASES OF DECISION-MAKING
• PLANNING FOR SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
 CONTD..

• SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE

• SYSTEM DESIGN
• INCREMENTAL MODEL
• SPIRAL MODEL
• SYSTEM ANALYSIS
• BENEFITS OF GOOD SYSTEM DESIGN
• CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS (CSF)
 CONTD..

• SECURITY OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

• THREAT IDENTIFICATION
• CONTROL ADJUSTMENT
• UNAUTHORIZED INTRUSION
• TYPES OF CONTROLS
• RISK MANAGEMENT
• E-COMMERCE, ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING
 DEFINING NEEDS
• DECISIONS ARE REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN IN DAY TO DAY LIFE.
• NO SINGLE TASK IN OUR LIFE CAN BE DONE WITHOUT DECISION MAKING.
• FOR EVERY ASSIGNMENT WE UNDERTAKE, THERE HAS TO BE A PROCESS OF
MAKING CHOICES.
• WHENEVER WE ARE FACED WITH CHOICES, THERE IS AN CERTAIN NEED OF
SELECTING ONE PARTICULAR COURSE OF ACTION.
• ANY TASK CAN BE DONE IN VARIOUS WAYS, BUT DOING IT SIMULTANEOUSLY
THROUGH ALL POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE.
• THIS NECESSITATES MAKING A REASONABLE CHOICE FROM ALL THE OPTIONS
AVAILABLE.
 CONTD..

• AN EXAMPLE CAN BE TAKEN FOR A PERSON WHO WANTS TO GO TO

ISLAMABAD. HE CAN LOOK AT FOLLOWING OPTIONS.
• USE ANY OF THE LOCAL BUS SERVICE AVAILABLE
• GO BY TRAIN
• TRAVEL BY AIR
 NEED FOR INFORMATION

• INFORMATION IS REQUIRED IN DAY TO DAY DECISION MAKING.

• WITHOUT THE AVAILABILITY OF RIGHT QUANTITY OF INFORMATION AT THE
RIGHT TIME, THE PROCESS OF DECISION MAKING IS HIGHLY AFFECTED.
• FOR THIS REASON VARIOUS SOURCES OF INFORMATION ARE USED TO
EXTRACT INFORMATION. SOME OF THESE ARE:
O NEWSPAPERS
O INTERNET
O MARKETING BROCHURES
 SOURCES OF INFORMATION

• SOURCES OF INFORMATION ARE GENERALLY CATEGORIZED AS

• PRIMARY,
• SECONDARY OR
• TERTIARY DEPENDING ON THEIR ORIGINALITY AND THEIR
PROXIMITY TO THE SOURCE OR ORIGIN.
• FOR EXAMPLE, INITIALLY, FINDINGS MIGHT BE COMMUNICATED
INFORMALLY BY EMAIL AND THEN PRESENTED AT MEETINGS
BEFORE BEING FORMALLY PUBLISHED AS A PRIMARY SOURCE.
 CONTD..

• ONCE PUBLISHED, THEY WILL THEN BE INDEXED IN A BIBLIOGRAPHIC

DATABASE, AND REPACKAGED AND COMMENTED UPON BY OTHERS IN
SECONDARY SOURCES.
• WRITTEN INFORMATION CAN BE DIVIDED INTO SEVERAL TYPES.
• PRIMARY SOURCES
• SECONDARY SOURCES
• TERTIARY SOURCES
 PRIMARY SOURCES
• SOME DEFINITIONS OF PRIMARY SOURCES:

1. PRIMARY SOURCES ARE ORIGINAL MATERIALS ON WHICH OTHER RESEARCH IS BASED

2. THEY ARE USUALLY THE FIRST FORMAL APPEARANCE OF RESULTS IN THE PRINT OR ELECTRONIC
LITERATURE (FOR
EXAMPLE, THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS IS A PRIMARY SOURCE.)
3. THEY PRESENT INFORMATION IN ITS ORIGINAL FORM, NEITHER INTERPRETED NOR CONDENSED NOR
EVALUATED
BY OTHER WRITERS.
4. THEY ARE FROM THE TIME PERIOD (FOR EXAMPLE, SOMETHING WRITTEN CLOSE TO WHEN THE EVENT
ACTUALLY OCCURRED.
5. PRIMARY SOURCES PRESENT ORIGINAL THINKING AND REPORT ON DISCOVERIES OR SHARE NEW
INFORMATION.
 SOME EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY SOURCES:
1. SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL ARTICLES REPORTING EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH RESULTS
2. PROCEEDINGS OF MEETINGS, CONFERENCES.
3. TECHNICAL REPORTS
4. DISSERTATIONS OR THESES (MAY ALSO BE SECONDARY)

5. PATENTS
6. SETS OF DATA, SUCH AS CENSUS STATISTICS
7. WORKS OF LITERATURE (SUCH AS POEMS AND FICTION)
8. DIARIES
9. AUTOBIOGRAPHIES
10. INTERVIEWS, SURVEYS AND FIELDWORK
 CONTD..
• 11. LETTERS AND CORRESPONDENCE
• 12. SPEECHES
• 13. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (MAY ALSO BE SECONDARY)
• 14. GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
• 15. PHOTOGRAPHS AND WORKS OF ART
• 16. ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS (SUCH AS BIRTH CERTIFICATE OR TRIAL
TRANSCRIPTS)
• 17. INTERNET COMMUNICATIONS ON EMAIL, AND NEWSGROUPS
 SECONDARY SOURCES

• SECONDARY SOURCES ARE LESS EASILY DEFINED THAN PRIMARY

SOURCES. WHAT SOME DEFINE AS A SECONDARY SOURCE, OTHERS
DEFINE AS A TERTIARY SOURCE. NOR IS IT ALWAYS EASY TO
DISTINGUISH PRIMARY FROM SECONDARY SOURCES.
• FOR EXAMPLE,
• A NEWSPAPER ARTICLE IS A PRIMARY SOURCE IF IT REPORTS
EVENTS, BUT A SECONDARY SOURCE IF IT ANALYSES AND COMMENTS
ON THOSE EVENTS.
 CONTD..

• SOME DEFINITIONS OF SECONDARY SOURCES:

• 1. DESCRIBE, INTERPRET, ANALYZE AND EVALUATE THE PRIMARY
SOURCES
• 2. COMMENT ON AND DISCUSS THE EVIDENCE PROVIDED BY
PRIMARY SOURCES
• 3. ARE WORKS WHICH ARE WRITTEN AFTER THE FACT WITH THE
BENEFIT OF OBSERVATION?
 SOME EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY SOURCES:
1. BIBLIOGRAPHIES (MAY ALSO BE TERTIARY)
2. BIOGRAPHICAL WORKS
3. COMMENTARIES

4. DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS (MAY ALSO BE TERTIARY)

5. DISSERTATIONS OR THESES (MORE USUALLY PRIMARY)
 CONTD..

6. HANDBOOKS AND DATA COMPILATIONS (MAY ALSO BE TERTIARY)

7. HISTORY
8. INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING TOOLS USED TO LOCATE PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCES
(MAY ALSO BE TERTIARY)
9. JOURNAL ARTICLES, PARTICULARLY IN DISCIPLINES OTHER THAN SCIENCE (MAY ALSO BE
PRIMARY)
10. NEWSPAPER AND POPULAR MAGAZINE ARTICLES (MAY ALSO BE PRIMARY)
11. REVIEW ARTICLES AND LITERATURE REVIEWS
12. TEXTBOOKS (MAY ALSO BE TERTIARY)
 TERTIARY SOURCES

1. WORKS WHICH LIST PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESOURCES IN A

SPECIFIC SUBJECT AREA
2. MATERIALS IN WHICH THE INFORMATION FROM SECONDARY
SOURCES HAS BEEN "DIGESTED" - REFORMATTED AND CONDENSED,
TO PUT IT INTO A CONVENIENT, EASY-TO-READ FORM.
3. SOURCES WHICH ARE ONCE REMOVED IN TIME FROM SECONDARY
SOURCES
 EXAMPLES
1. DICTIONARIES AND ENCYCLOPEDIAS (MAY ALSO BE SECONDARY)
2. DIRECTORIES
3. GUIDEBOOKS, MANUALS ETC
4. HANDBOOKS AND DATA COMPILATIONS (MAY ALSO BE SECONDARY)
5. INDEXING AND ABSTRACTING TOOLS USED TO LOCATE PRIMARY &
SECONDARY SOURCES (MAY ALSO BE SECONDARY)
6. TEXTBOOKS (MAY ALSO BE SECONDARY)
 AREAS COVERED

• WHAT IS ORGANIZATION?
• BASICALLY, AN ORGANIZATION IS GROUP OF PEOPLE ORGANIZED TO
ACCOMPLISH AN OVERALL GOAL.
• ORGANIZATIONS CAN RANGE IN SIZE FROM TWO PEOPLE TO HUNDREDS OF
THOUSANDS -- SOME PEOPLE MIGHT ARGUE THAT ORGANIZATIONS ARE EVEN
LARGER.
• ORGANIZATIONS HAVE AN OVERALL GOAL (OR MISSION) WHICH IS USUALLY
SUBDIVIDED INTO VARIOUS OTHER GOALS (OFTEN CALLED STRATEGIC GOALS)
THAT, IN TOTAL, WILL ACHIEVE THE OVERALL GOAL OF THE ORGANIZATION.
 NEED FOR ORGANIZATION
• AS THE VOLUME OF BUSINESS EXPANDS, THE NEED FOR DISCIPLINED
APPROACH TO MANAGING OPERATIONS IS REQUIRED.
• THIS RESULTS IN FORMULATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES.
THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES ARE FORMULATED IN ORDER TO
EFFICIENTLY MANAGE THE BUSINESS OPERATIONS.
• THIS MAKES THE STRUCTURES A RELATIVE TERM TO EXPLAIN AND
DEFINE.
• ORGANIZATIONS HAVE THE FREEDOM TO CHOSE / EVOLVE THE
STRUCTURES WHICH BEST FITS THE MANAGEMENT NEEDS.
 DATA VS. INFORMATION
• DATA REPRESENTS FACTS OF ANY KIND.
• IN THE PROCESS OF RECORDING IMPORTANT PARTICULARS OF ANY
EVENT, IT IS THE PREFERENCE OF THE MANAGEMENT, WHAT SHOULD
BE RECORDED AND HOW IT SHOULD BE PRESENTED.
• HOWEVER WHEN THIS DATA IS PROCESSED OR REFORMATTED, IT
BECOMES INFORMATION.
• INFORMATION IS A SUBSET OF DATA WHICH ADDS TO THE
KNOWLEDGE.
 CONTD..
• INFORMATION SHOULD BE RELEVANT SO THAT IT IS VALUABLE FOR
THE ADDRESSEE.
• ALTHOUGH THE PROCESSED FORM OF INFORMATION IS MORE
VALUABLE THAN THE RAW FORM OF DATA, STILL ALL INFORMATION IS
NOT OF VALUE FOR EVERY ONE.
• DISTRIBUTING COMMON INFORMATION TO EVERY ONE MAY RESULT IN
WASTE OF TIME AND CONFUSION.
• IRRELEVANT INFORMATION HAS NO VALUE.
 INFORMATION QUALITY CHECKLIST
• THE INFORMATION CAN ALSO BE RANKED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE QUALITIES IT HAS IN IT.
• THE EXPERTS HAVE DEVELOPED CERTAIN CRITERIA TO EVALUATE THE QUALITY OF
INFORMATION. THESE ARE STATED BELOW:
1. IS IT CLEAR WHO HAS WRITTEN THE INFORMATION?
2. WHO IS THE AUTHOR? IS IT AN ORGANIZATION OR AN INDIVIDUAL PERSON? IS THERE A WAY
TO CONTACT THEM?
3. ARE THE AIMS OF THE INFORMATION CLEAR?
4. WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF THE INFORMATION? WHAT IS IT FOR? WHO IS IT FOR? DOES THE
INFORMATION ACHIEVE ITS AIMS?
5. DOES THE INFORMATION DO WHAT IT SAYS IT WILL? IS THE INFORMATION RELEVANT TO ME?
 LIST FIVE THINGS TO FIND OUT FROM THE
INFORMATION.

1. ?
2. ?
3. ?
4. ?
5. ?
 ANSWER
1. CAN THE INFORMATION BE CHECKED?
IS THE AUTHOR QUALIFIED TO WRITE THE INFORMATION? HAS ANYONE ELSE SAID THE SAME
THINGS ANYWHERE ELSE? IS THERE ANY WAY OF CHECKING THIS OUT? IF THE INFORMATION
IS NEW, IS THERE ANY PROOF?
2. WHEN WAS THE INFORMATION PRODUCED?
IS IT UP TO DATE? CAN YOU CHECK TO SEE IF THE INFORMATION IS UP TO DATE?
3. IS THE INFORMATION BIASED IN ANY WAY?
HAS THE INFORMATION GOT A PARTICULAR REASON FOR WANTING YOU TO THINK IN A
PARTICULAR WAY? IS IT A BALANCED VIEW OR DOES IT ONLY GIVE ONE OPINION?
4. DOES THE INFORMATION TELL YOU ABOUT CHOICES OPEN TO YOU?
DOES THE INFORMATION GIVE YOU ADVICE? DOES IT TELL YOU ABOUT OTHER IDEAS?
 ORGANIZATION & INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS
• ORGANIZATIONS HAVE VARIOUS ATTRIBUTES WHICH DISTINGUISH THEM FROM EACH OTHER.
• NO TWO ORGANIZATIONS ARE SIMILAR IN ALL RESPECTS.
• THERE HAVE TO HAVE CERTAIN DISTINCTIVE LINES KEEPING THEM UNIQUE FROM EACH
OTHER.
• INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS KEEP VARYING IN ACCORDANCE WITH
• SIZE OF ORGANIZATION
• ITS STRUCTURE
• THE CULTURE IT FOLLOWS
• DECISION MAKING STRUCTURES
• INTERESTED PARTIES BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
Q&A