1

SEQUENCE OF
PRESENTATION
1. Introduction
2. Currency of the Topic
3. Causes of Climate Change
4. Evidence of Climate Change
5. Impacts of Climate Change (Current & Future)
6. Climate Change and Pakistan
7. Global Community’s Efforts
8. Recommendations
9. Bibliography
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CURRENCY OF THE TOPIC

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CURRENCY OF THE TOPIC

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5
INTRODUCTION
6
INTRODUCTION

• Alteration in composition of earth’s atmosphere

• Significant change in temperature over extended period

• Downside of Industrial Revolution

• Increased emission of greenhouse gases

• Changed precipitation, wind pattern, temperature

• Profound impact on socioeconomic sectors

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INTRODUCTION (CONT’D)

• Global warming root cause of climate change

• Resulting in extreme weather events like

• Storms
• Tornadoes
• Floods
• Droughts
• Inevitable food insecurity, water scarcity, economic
constraints
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CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE
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BURNING OF
FOSSIL FUELS
First ever cause

Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide are the by products

Change in Land cover and solar radiation
Energy Balance of earth’s climate altered

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DEFORESTATION
Major role

Trees regulate climate by absorbing Carbon Dioxide

Positive effect is lost when trees are cut
Carbon stored in trees released into atmosphere

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INTENSIVE
FARMING
Ever increasing livestock

Plant protection products and fertilizers

Cattle and sheep produce methane while digesting food
Fertilizers produce nitrous oxide emissions

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WASTE DISPOSAL
Landfills and incineration emit toxic gases

Methane released into atmosphere, soil, waterways

Greenhouse effect is enhanced

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MINING
Modern life dependent on mining and metallurgy

Metals and minerals used in construction

Transportation and manufacturing of goods
Contributes 5% to all greenhouse emissions

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OVER
CONSUMPTION
Responsible for overexploitation of natural resources

Emissions from international freight transport

Big contribution to climate change

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EXCESSIVE GHGS IN OCEANS

Terrestrial and Marine eco systems act as sinks

Shifting global carbon cycle to Net annual emissions

Ecosystems turning into sources
Increased gases in water impacting the marine life

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EVIDENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

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 GLOBAL TEMPERATURE RISE

Average temperature has risen by 1.62 deg F

Increased Carbon dioxide and human made emissions

Most of the warming took place in last 35 years

2016 – The WARMEST year ever on record
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 WARMING OF THE OCEANS

Oceans have absorbed much of the increased heat

Warming of more than 0.4 deg F since 1969

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 SHRINKING ICE SHEETS
Decreased ice sheets at Greenland and Antarctic

Greenland lost an average of 286 billion tons of ice

Antarctica lost 127 billion tons of ice

Rate of ice melt has tripled for in the last decade
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 GLACIAL RETREATS
Happening all around the world

Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska, Africa

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 DECREASED SNOW COVER

Spring snow cover over Northern Hemisphere on the wane

Snow melting faster than ever before

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 RISING SEA LEVELS
8 inch sea level rise during the past century

Rate in last two decades doubled and accelerating further

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 EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS

Record high and low temperatures have been changing

Intense rainfalls, storms, hurricanes increasing

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 ACIDIFICATION OF OCEANS

Acidity of oceans risen by 30% since Industrial Revolution

Humans emitting more carbon dioxide than ever

More amount of carbon dioxide being absorbed by oceans

Increased by 2 billion tons per year
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IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
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CURRENT IMPACT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
• Frequent floods

• Erratic rainfall patterns

• Surge in cyclones and storms

• Extinction of species like Polar Bear

• Greater spread of disease

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CURRENT IMPACT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
• Droughts

• Famines

• Rising Sea levels

• Food insecurity

• Increasing global temperatures

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FUTURE IMPACT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
• Rise in sea level from 1-4 feet by 2100

• Stronger and more frequent hurricanes

• Intense droughts and hotter heat waves

• Continual change in precipitation patterns

• Things are only going to get worse

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND PAKISTAN
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND
PAKISTAN
• Miniscule Pakistani contribution to GHG emissions

• 8th most effected by climate change

• Agrarian economies sensitive to climate change

• Annual mean temperature risen by 0.5 deg C

• Fivefold increase in duration of heatwaves

• Sea level rise of 10 cm at during last century

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND
PAKISTAN
• Signatory to Paris agreement

• Seventh most effected country

• 141 events of extreme weather related calamities

• Annual average death toll 523

• Economic loss of 3816.82 million dollars

• Disaster prone country

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CLIMATE CHANGE AND
PAKISTAN
• Listed among Top 15 countries exposed to flood

• 37 million people have been effected by floods since

2010

• 3 million houses demolished

• 17 million people displaced

• Super flood of 2010, Karachi Heat wave of 2015

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GLOBAL COMMUNITY’S EFFORTS
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GLOBAL COMMUNITY’S
EFFORTS
• In 1992, United Nations Framework on Climate Change
was established

• Conference of parties (COP) held every year

• World leaders meet and discuss

• Principle decision that neither food production would

be hindered nor vested economic interests of countries
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GLOBAL COMMUNITY’S
EFFORTS
• In 1997, COP was held in Kyoto, Japan

• Kyoto Protocol

• Industrial nations to reduce emissions by 5 percent till

2012

• COP21 was organized in 2015

• Pledged to keep global warming under 5 deg C

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RECOMMENDATIONS 37
RECOMMENDATIONS

Renewable Energies
RECOMMENDATIONS

Energy and Water Efficiency

RECOMMENDATIONS

Sustainable Transportation
RECOMMENDATIONS

Sustainable Infrastructure
RECOMMENDATIONS

Sustainable Agriculture and Forest Management

RECOMMENDATIONS

Responsible Consumption and Recycling

WAYS FORWARD

• Sustainable economic development approach

• Transfer of renewable energy sources to developing

countries

• Modernized agricultural techniques

• Usage of public transport

• Increased global cooperation

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CONCLUSION

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
• IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers
• V. Ramaswamy et.al., “Anthropogenic and Natural Influences in the Evolution of Lower Stratospheric Cooling,” Science 311 (24 February 2006), 1138-1141
• In the 1860s, physicist John Tyndall recognized the Earth's natural greenhouse effect and suggested that slight changes in the atmospheric composition could bring about climatic variations. In 1896, a seminal
paper by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius first predicted that changes in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could substantially alter the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.
• National Research Council (NRC), 2006. Surface Temperature Reconstructions For the Last 2,000 Years. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
• https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/indicators.php
• https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20170118/
• Levitus, S.; Antonov, J.; Boyer, T.; Baranova, O.; Garcia, H.; Locarnini, R.; Mishonov, A.; Reagan, J.; Seidov, D.; Yarosh, E.; Zweng, M. (2017). NCEI ocean heat content, temperature anomalies, salinity anomalies,
thermosteric sea level anomalies, halosteric sea level anomalies, and total steric sea level anomalies from 1955 to present calculated from in situ oceanographic subsurface profile data (NCEI Accession 0164586).
Version 4.4. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. doi:10.7289/V53F4MVP
• https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7159
• National Snow and Ice Data Center
• National Snow and Ice Data Center
• http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/snow_extent.html
• Rutgers University Global Snow Lab, Data History Accessed September 21, 2018.
• R. S. Nerem, B. D. Beckley, J. T. Fasullo, B. D. Hamlington, D. Masters and G. T. Mitchum. Climate-change–driven accelerated sea-level rise detected in the altimeter era.  PNAS, 2018 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1717312115
• https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/sea_ice.html
• USGCRP, 2017: Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.W. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Change
Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp, doi: 10.7930/J0J964J6
• http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F
• http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification
• C. L. Sabine et.al., “The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2,” Science vol. 305 (16 July 2004), 367-371
• Copenhagen Diagnosis, p. 36.
• “Global Climate Risk Index 2019-World.” ReliefWeb, reliefweb.int/report/world/global-climate-risk-index-2019.

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THANK YOU

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Q&A

04/03/2020 Current Issue Presenation 48