From the name of ALLAH, The Most Merciful and

The Mighty
Muscles
 Anatomy of the Muscles
• The word muscle is derived from Latin word mus
means a mouse.
• Most of the vertebrates muscles resemble to a
mouse in their external appearance and their
tendon resemble to tail of the mouse.
• Muscles consist predominantly of contractile
cells( actin and myosin protein) and produces the
movements of various part of the body by
contraction. Muscles can be regarded as motor of
the body
 Types of Muscles
The muscles are of three types
1. Skeletal muscles (Striped ,
striated, somatic or voluntary
muscles)

2. Smooth Muscles (Plain,

unstriped, Non striated, Visceral
or involuntary

3. Cardiac Muscles
 Characteristic of Skeletal muscles
• Most abundant (muscles of the limbs and
body wall) and Found attached to skeleton.
• Exhibit cross striation under microscope.
• Supplied by somatic nerves, therefore they are
under voluntary control.
• Respond quick to stimuli, capable of rapid
contraction therefore fatigue easily.
• Striations are a key attribute to identify
skeletal and cardiac muscle types.  Although
striations are usually visible in most sections
of these muscle types, it can sometimes take a
little adjustment of the microscope lighting to
see them clearly. Also, striations are only
visible in longitudinal views of myofibers so it
is essential some part of the muscle section
being evaluated includes this type of cut.
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• Help to adjust individual with external
environment
• Under highest nervous control of cerebral cortex
• Each muscles fiber is multinucleated cylindrical
cell containing group of myofibrils.
• Myofibril made up of myofilaments which are
actin, myosin and tropomyosin. (actual
contractile elements)
• Single cell … muscle fiber
• Within each muscle fiber … myofilament
• Myofilaments are made up of myofibrils which
are actin myosin and tropomyosin
• Each skeletal muscle is an organ that consists of various integrated tissues. These tissues
include the skeletal muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerve fibers, and connective tissue
• Each skeletal muscle has three layers of connective tissue (called “mysia”)
1. Epimysium
2. Perimysium
3. endomysium
• that enclose it and provide structure to the muscle as a whole, and also compartmentalize the
muscle fibers within the muscle.
• Each muscle is wrapped in a sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue called
the epimysium, which allows a muscle to contract and move powerfully while maintaining its
structural integrity
• The epimysium also separates muscle from other tissues and organs in the area, allowing the
muscle to move independently.
• Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into individual bundles, each called
a fascicle, by a middle layer of connective tissue called the perimysium
• Inside each fascicle, each muscle fiber is encased in a thin connective tissue layer of collagen
and reticular fibers called the endomysium
• The endomysium contains the extracellular fluid and nutrients to support the muscle fiber.
These nutrients are supplied via blood to the muscle tissue.
 Characteristic of Smooth Muscles
• These muscles often encircle or surround the
viscera.
• Do not exhibit cross striation under the
microscope
• Are supplied by autonomic nervous system
therefore not under voluntary control
• Respond slowly to stimuli, capable of slow
contraction and therefore do not fatigue easily
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• Provide motor power for regulating the internal
environment related to digestion, circulation,
excretion and secretion.
• Less dependent on nervous control being capable of
contracting automatically, spontaneously and
rhythmically.
• Each muscles fiber is elongated spindle shaped cell
with a single centrally located nucleus, myofibril
show longitunal striation. Muscles of the blood
vessels.
4 characteristics of
smooth muscles
• Involuntarily
controlled
• Not striated
• Not branched
• And singly
nucleated
Arrangement of smooth muscles within the
walls of blood vessels
 • Form the myocardium of the heart
• Striated and involuntary
Cardiac Muscles • Automatic and rhythmic contraction
Arrangement of cardiac muscles within the
heart walls
Parts of a skeletal muscle
• Origin
• Insertion
• Fleshy Part
• Fibrous part
1. Tendon (cord
Like)
2. Aponeurosis
(flattened)
• Origin is one end of the muscle which remains
fixed during its contraction
• Insertion is the other end which moves during its
contraction.In the limbs muscles the origin is
usually proximal to insertion.
• Fleshy part is contractile and called the belly
• Fibrous part is non contractile and inelastic. when
cord like or rope like it is called tendon,when
flattened it is called apponeurosis.
Part of the Muscles
 Structure of skeletal Muscle
There are two structures in skeletal muscles
• Contractile Tissue
• Supporting tissues
 Contractile Tissues
• Muscle is made up of fasciculi
• Fasciculus is made up of muscle fibers
• Muscle fiber is made up of myofibrils & is
covered by sarcolemma
• Myofibril is made up of Actin & Myosin
filaments & each myofibril is covered by
sarcoplasm(the cytoplasm of striated muscle
cells) on which motor nerve endings are
making contact
 Supporting Tissues
• Endomysium (surround the muscle fiber)
• Perimycium ( surround the many muscle
fibers)
• Epimysium ( Surround the entire muscle)
Structure of a muscle
Contractile element of a muscle
 Muscle fiber types
• There Are Two Main Types
1. Slow Twitch (Type I) Muscle Fibers
2. Fast Twitch (Type II) Muscle Fibers
fast twitch further divided into;
Type IIa fibers.
Type IIb fibers.
 Type 1 (Slow) fiber

 Slow tonic contraction (postural Muscles)

 Red due to myoglobin
 Fiber are rich in mitochondria and oxidative enzyme
 Highly resistant to fatigue
 Slow Twitch (Type I) - The slow muscles are more efficient at
using oxygen to generate more fuel (known as ATP) for
continuous, extended muscle contractions over a long time.
They fire more slowly than fast twitch fibers and can go for a
long time before they fatigue. Therefore, slow twitch fibers
are great at helping athletes run marathons and bicycle for
hours.
 Type II fast fibers
• Fast Twitch (Type II) - Because fast twitch fibers use anaerobic
metabolism to create fuel, they are much better at generating short
bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles. However, they fatigue
more quickly. Fast twitch fibers generally produce the same amount of
force per contraction as slow muscles, but they get their name because
they are able to fire more rapidly. Having more fast twitch fibers can be
an asset to a sprinter since she needs to quickly generate a lot of force.
• Show fast phasic contraction
• White in color , low amount of myoglobin
• Rich in glycogen & phosphorylases
• Poor mitochondria and oxidative enzymes
• Easily Fatigue
• Myoglobin is an iron- and oxygen-binding
protein found in the muscle tissue of vertebrates
in general and in almost all mammals
 Intermediate fibers
• Type IIa Fibers - These fast twitch muscle
fibers are also known as intermediate fast-
twitch fibers. They can use both aerobic and
anaerobic metabolism almost equally to
create energy. In this way, they are a
combination of Type I and Type II muscle
fibers.
Fascicular Architecture of Muscles
• The arrangement of muscle fiber varies
according to direction, force and range of
habitual movement at particular joint.
• Force of movt directly Proportional to
number and size of muscle fiber
• Range of motion is proportional to length of
the fibers
• Muscle fibers are arranged within the muscle in a direction
that is either parallel or oblique to the tendons of muscles.
 parallel muscle fibers tend to be longer thus having greater
range of motion potential
 oblique muscle fibers tend to be shorter but are more
numerous per given area than parallel fibers, which means
that oblique fibered muscles tend to have greater strength
potential but smaller range of motion.
 PARALLEL FIBERS TYPES

• There are many types of each

muscle fiber arrangement in the
body
• Parallel fibered muscles can be;
1. Strap
2. Fusiform
3. Rhomboid(rectangular)
4. triangular
 Oblique Fasciculi
• Muscles whose fibers run obliquely to the line of pull are referred to as
pennate muscles (they resemble a feather)
• Muscle attaches to the oblique angle to its tendon much like feather
tendrils attaches to the quill.
• different types of oblique fibered muscles are:
1. Unipennate
2. Bipennate
3. multipennate
 cont
1. A unipennate muscle is one in which the
tendon lies along one side of the muscle and the muscle
fibers pass obliquely to it.

2. A bipennate muscle is one in which the tendon lies

in the center of the muscle and the muscle fibers pass to it
from two sides.

3. A multipennate muscle
may be arranged as a series of bipennate muscles lying
alongside one another (e.g., acromial fibers of the deltoid)
or may have the tendon lying within its center and the muscle
fibers passing to it from all sides, converging as they go.
 Spiral or Twisted Fasciculi
Twisted fibers are found
E.g. ,Trapezius, pectoralis major,lattisimus dorsi
ALLAH Bless you