Biomedical signal processing-ECG and EEG

Biomedical Signal Processing?

 Biomedical

Several systems of human body including nervous system, cardiovascular

system etc.

 Signal

Parameter by which information is conveyed

 Processing 

Perform operations on data according to programmed instructions

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 Biomedical signals, (heart signals, brain signals etc)

• ECG (Electrocardiogram): It is a test that measures the electrical

activity of the heart.
• EEG (Electroencephalogram): It is a test that measures the electrical
activity of the brain.

• MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging): A method of using a strong

magnetic field to produce an image of the inside of a person’s body

• CT Scan (Computed tomography): It uses a combination of X-rays

and a computer to create pictures of organs, bones and other tissues
which allows doctors to see inside a person’s body.
 ECG Waveform

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 Electrocardiogram

ECG consists of

P – wave

ƒƒ QRS – complex

ƒƒ T –wave

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 Significant features of ECG waveform

•A typical scalar electrocardiographic lead is shown in Fig. 1,

where the significant features of the waveform are the P, Q, R, S,
and T waves, the duration of each wave, and certain time
intervals such as the P-R, S-T, and Q-T intervals.
 Deflection
ECG waves
P wave

• Lasts 0.08 s
• Results due to depolarization from SA node throughout atria
• Normal duration is not longer than 0.11 seconds (less than 3 small
squares)
• Amplitude (height) is no more than 3 mm

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 ECG contd…

QRS complex
• Lasts 0.08 s (Normally not longer than 0.10 s in duration)
• Results due to depolarization of ventricles
• Ventricular systole & atrial diastole
• R waves are deflected positively and the Q and S waves are negative

T wave
• Results due to repolarization of ventricles
• Lasts 0.16 s
• Ventricular diastole

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Medical Diagnosis: ECG
 What’s the Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS)?
• The Aims of ANS ->

 ANS innervated in internal organs, regulates key functions through its 2

branches, SNS (Sympathetic Nervous System) and PNS
(Parasympathetic Nervous System)

 ANS acts for heart rate control including hormonal, respiratory control
etc

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 Diseases related to ANS dysfunction

Recently, a lot of people suffers with somatic diseases without

pathological abnormality. It’s realized for the importance of the ANS

Diseases related to ANS dysfunction are

Diabetes, Hypertension, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Headache, Sudden

Death, Depression, Anxiety, Sleep disorder

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What Happens When There Is Autonomic
Failure?

 Malfunction results from an imbalance between the SNS

and PNS divisions.

 Aging is associated with several abnormalities in ANS

function that can impair the ability to adapt to stress.

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 Autonomic Nervous System Effects
on the Heart

Parasympathetic Nervous Sympathetic Nervous

System (PNS), System (SNS),
inhibits cardiac action stimulates cardiac action
potentials potentials

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 Heart Rate Variability (HRV)

Heart rate variability (HRV) is the physiological phenomenon of variation in the

time interval between heartbeats. It is measured by the variation in the beat-to-
beat interval.

RR  RRi 1  RRi

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 HRV Wave Pattern Implications

 Increase complexity = good health

 Decrease complexity = poor health

Abnormal Heart
Normal Heart Rate
Rate Variability
Variability

Beats
Beats
per
per
minute
minute

Time
Time

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 HRV Tachogram

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 EFFECTS OF HRV

 During Exercise

 Sleep disturbance

 Physical inactivity

 Cigarette smoking

 Stress

 Gender and Age

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 Heart Rate Response During Exercise

At the onset of exercise: increase in heart rate occurs by a

removal of parasympathetic brake

At high exercise intensities: heart rate increases through

the sympathetic nerves, the heart’s accelerator

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 Heart Rate during Recovery

 When exercise stops heart rate drops as less blood is needed to

be pumped around the body

 A trained individual will return to resting values quicker than a

healthy sedentary person

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 HRV and Sleep disturbance

 Sleep disturbance is common in depression; may be

exacerbated by heart disease symptoms

 Leads to autonomic hyperactivity which is linked to

obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and the metabolic
syndrome

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 HRV and Physical inactivity

 Physical inactivity is common in depression

 Increases cardiovascular morbidity and mortality

 Physical activity decreases the HRV

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 HRV and Cigarette smoking

 Individuals with depression are more likely to smoke,

and depressed smokers are less likely to quit

 Cigarette smoking increases cardiovascular morbidity

and mortality

 HRV reduces with smoking.

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 HRV and Stress

 Some studies show that depression is associated with

heightened, and some with attenuated, cardiovascular
reactivity to physiological stress

 Autonomic hyperactivity at baseline and in response to

stressors may increase cardiovascular risk

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 HRV and Gender, Age

 HRV decreases with age and variation is more in the case

of female than men.

 There also seemed to be a significant difference between

day and night hours when studying HRV indices using
spectral and time domain methods

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 Analysis Method

HRV Signal Induction

X X X X
RR RR RR
n-1 n n+1
4
8x 10
VLF LF HF
7
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 6

PSD (ms2/Hz)
5

2
1

195 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
190
R-R Interval[ms]

185 Frequency (Hz)

180
175
170 Frequency Domain
165
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Time[sec]

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Time Domain 26
 Analysis Method

Signal - View

Time axis
Frequency
axis

Time Domain Frequency Domain

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EEG: Instrument
EEG Classification
 MEDICAL IMAGING

Medical image analysis concentrates on the

development of techniques to supplement the mostly

qualitative and frequently subjective assessment of

medical images by human experts

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 ADVANTAGES OF MEDICAL IMAGING

• Remarkable revolution

• No surgery on every case

• Noninvasive procedures

• Required less time

• More accurate results

• Cost less

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 MAJOR MODALITIES

• X-ray

• Computed Tomography (CT)

• Ultrasound

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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 X -RAY

• Developed in the late 1940s

• X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation

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 Computerized Tomography

Imaging of a cross sectional slice of the body using X-rays.

Invented by Dr. G. N. Housfield in 1971. Received the Nobel prize in
medicine in 1979.

The method is constructing images from large number of measurements

of x-ray transmission through the patient.
 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY(CT)

It is based on the principle that an image of an unknown object

can be obtained if one has an infinite number of projections

through the object

D
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Computerised Tomography (CT)
In computerised tomography (CT) the X-ray
source rotates around a plane of the body,
taking serial pictures with a detector (instead
of a film) which are synthesized by a
computer. The resulting picture created by
the computer is like a section of the body and
can be recorded on a film. CT pictures are
therefore like X-ray images.
 CT
• Although also based on the variable
absorption of x rays by different tissues,
computed tomography (CT) imaging, also
known as "CAT scanning" (Computerized Axial
Tomography), provides a different form of
imaging known as cross-sectional imaging. The
origin of the word "tomography" is from the
Greek word "tomos" meaning "slice" or
"section" and "graphe" meaning "drawing." 
 What is a "slice" in a CT scan?
•
You may have heard that CT machines produce slices -- 64-
slice, 128-slice, and 256-slice machines. But what does a
"slice" mean? Well, it actually means exactly what it sounds
like.
• Think of a slice of bread or a slice of cake -- the CT machine
divides the body up into "slices" and takes pictures of these
slices which are then reconstructed using a computer. The
CT machine produces 2-dimensional pictures which are put
together by a computer into very detailed, 3-dimensional
images which show bones, soft tissue, organs, and blood
vessels. These pictures then help physicians to diagnose
problems. 
 How a CT system works

1. A motorized table moves the patient through a circular

opening in the CT imaging system.

2. As the patient passes through the CT imaging system, a

source of x rays rotates around the inside of the circular
opening. A single rotation takes about 1 second. The x-ray
source produces a narrow, fan-shaped beam of x rays used
to put on a section of the patient's body. The thickness of
the fan beam may be as small as 1 millimeter or as large
as 10 millimeters. In typical examinations there are several
phases; each made up of 10 to 50 rotations of the x-ray
tube around the patient in coordination with the table
moving through the circular opening.
 How a CT system works

3. Detectors on the exit side of the patient record the x

rays exiting the section of the patient's body as an x-
ray "snapshot" at one position (angle) of the source of
x rays. Many different "snapshots" (angles) are
collected during one complete rotation.

4. The data are sent to a computer to reconstruct all of

the individual "snapshots" into a cross-sectional
image (slice) of the internal organs and tissues for
each complete rotation of the source of x rays.
 The CT Setup

The X-ray tube (X), housed in a ‘wall’ (1) rotates around a hole (2) in the wall. The
detector (D) also rotates diametrically opposite the tube. The patient, lying on a
sliding trolley (3) or a couch passes through the hole. The movement of the patient
can be controlled so that ‘slices’ of the body are scanned by the apparatus.

1
2
3

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 ULTRASOUND

When a sound wave strikes an object, it bounces backward or

echoes, by measuring these echo waves it is possible to

determine its size and shape

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 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses a magnetic

field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs

and structures inside the body

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 ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS IN MEDICAL
IMAGING

• Improves the detection performance of a

radiologist

• Reduces mistakes related to misinterpretation

• Reduces the load of diagnosis on radiologist

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Figure Tumor (Marked by arrow)
Figure 1.10 Stone (Marked by arrow)
 Applications Areas of Biomedical
Signal Processing
 Patient Monitoring

 Scanners

 EEG Brain Analysis

 ECG Analysis

 X-ray Storage/Enhancement
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