INTRODUCTION TO

SHEAR STRESS ,
YIELD CRITERION &
OCTAHEDRAL SHEAR STRESS

PPT BY :
ANURAG CHATURVEDI (1714101123)
ASHISH KUMAR (1714101021)
ASHISH MISHRA (1714101022)
SUSHANT KUMAR (1714101109)
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SHEAR STRESS
• Shear stress, often denoted by τ (tau), is the component
of stress coplanar with a material cross section. Shear
stress arises from the force vector component parallel to
the cross section of the material. Normal stress, on the
other hand, arises from the force vector component 
perpendicular to the material cross section on which it acts.
• Shear stress arises from shear forces, which are pairs of
equal and opposing forces acting on opposite sides of an
object.
The formula to calculate average shear stress is force per unit area.:
τ = F/A
where:
τ = the shear stress;
F = the force applied;
A = the cross-sectional area of material with area parallel to the applied force vector.

A shearing force is applied to the top of the

rectangle while the bottom is held in place. The
resulting shear stress, τ, deforms the rectangle
into a parallelogram. The area involved would
be the top of the parallelogram.
Shearing Stress in Fluids

Shear stress is observed in fluids too. When a fluid flows within the boundary of solids, the shear stress is observed
along with the point of contact between fluid and boundary. Fluid comprises of various levels, each level travel at
different speeds. The layers which are at the same height from the boundary experience same speed. This varying
speed between the layers is also a result of shear stress. In fluids, stress and strain are related differently. Here,
shear stress is proportional to strain rate with viscosity as proportionality constant.

Examples of Shear Stress

As a matter of fact, whenever you cut something you are applying shear stress on it. A few other
examples of shear stress include stress exerted on the pipeline by a flowing fluid and shear stress on
soil exerted by a normal load from the top. Shear is what makes a sand castle collapse when
someone steps on it instead of just settling. Geo-technical engineers account for shear stress in the
soil when designing structure foundations to avoid failure under shear. When a pair of scissors is used
to cut a peace of wood, the two parts of the scissors exert lateral loads, which cause shear stress on
the member and cause it to cut.
Shear stress is not to be confused with shear force. Shear force is an internal force caused by an
applied force, and it's represented by shear diagrams for all sections along a member. However,
shear stress is in the unit of force over unit of area.
 YIELD CRITERION
• A yield criterion often expressed as yieldsurface, or yield locus, is a hypothesis
con-cerning the limit of elasticity under any com-bination of stresses. There
are two interpreta-tions of yield criterion: one is purely mathem-atical in taking
a statistical approach whileother models attempt to provide a justifica-tion
based on established physical principles.Since stress and strain are tensor
qualitiesthey can be described on the basis of threeprincipal directions, in the
case of stress theseare denoted by σ1 , σ2 & σ3.
• The following represent the most commonyield criterion as applied to an
isotropic ma-terial (uniform properties in all directions).Other equations have
been proposed or areused in specialist situations.
Isotropic Yield Criteria

Maximum Principal Stress Theory –

Yield occurs when the largest principal stress exceeds the uniaxialtensile yield strength. Although
this criterion allows for a quick and easy comparison with experimental data it is rarely suitable
fordesign purposes. This theory gives good pre-dictions for brittle materials.

Maximum Principal Strain Theory –

Yield occurs when the maximum principal strain reaches the strain correspond-ing to the yield point
during a simple tensile test. In terms of the principal stresses this is determined by the equation:

Maximum Shear Stress Theory –

Also known as the Tresca yield criterion, after the French scientist Henri Tresca. This assumes that
yield occurs when the shear stress T exceeds the shear yield strength Ty:

Total Strain Energy Theory –

This theory assumes that the stored energy associated with elastic deformation at the point of yield
is independent of the specific stress tensor. Thus yield occurs when the strain energy per unit
volume is greater than the strain energy at the elastic limit in simple tension. For a 3-dimensional
stress state this is given by:
Maximum Distortion Energy Theory –
This theory proposes that the total strain energy can be separated into two components:
the volumetric strain energy and the shape strain energy. It is proposed that yield occurs when the
distortion component exceeds that at the yield point for a simple tensile test. This theory is also
known as the von Mises yield criterion.

Based on a different theoretical underpinning this expression is also referred to as octahedral shear
stress theory.
Other commonly used isotropic yield criteria are the
•von Mises yield criterion
•Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion
•Drucker-Prager yield criterion
•Bresler-Pister yield criterion
•Willam-Warnke yield criterion

The yield surfaces corresponding to these criteria have a range of forms. However, most isotropic
yield criteria correspond to convex yield surfaces.
OCTAHEDRAL SHEAR STRESS
• The tangential component of stress across the faces of a regular octahedron whose
vertices lie on the principal axes of stress; it is a measure of the strength of the
deviatoric stress.
• Octahedral Shear Stress Theory popularly known as von Mises Criterion or Mises-Hencky
forecasts failure through yielding once the octahedral shear stress to some degree obtains
a specific value. The value is verified through the connection of a simple stress
test.Octahedral Shear stress theory recommends that the giving away of materials starts
once the second deviatoric pressure invariant reach the critical value. Because of this,
sometimes it is termed the plasticity flow theory. This is part of a theory which uses best
in order to ductile component like metals. Before yielding, component response is
expected to be expandable.
Octahedral Stresses

Octahedral Shear Stress Theory popularly known as von Mises Criterion or Mises-Hencky forecasts
failure through yielding once the octahedral shear stress to some degree obtains a specific value. The
value is verified through the connection of a simple stress test.Octahedral Shear stress theory
recommends that the giving away of materials starts once the second deviatoric pressure invariant
reach the critical value. Because of this, sometimes it is termed the plasticity flow theory. This is part
of a theory which uses best in order to ductile component like metals. Before yielding, component
response is expected to be expandable.
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