QUANTITATIVE METHODS

OUBS 027125

REVISION NOTES
TUTOR: MS MUSHIRA LALOO
UNIT 1: DATA – NATURE AND PRESENTATION

Learners should be able to

• understand how to draw histograms. [Manual – Page 11-12 Section 1.3]
• understand what is a frequency polygon and draw it. [Manual – Page 12-13 Section 1.4]
• understand what is a cumulative frequency distribution, construct a cumulative
frequency table, draw a cumulative frequency curve and work with the curve.
[Manual – Page 14-15 Section 1.5]
• understand what is a stem-and-leaf diagram and draw it. [Manual – Page 16-17 Section
1.6]
• state the advantages and disadvantages of each of the diagrams mentioned above.
[Refer to slides on diagrams]
UNIT 2 : PROBABILITY

Learners should be able to

• understand the elements of probability theory. [Manual – Page 29-31 Section 2.2]
• understand what are mutually exclusive events and apply the concept to solve
probability problems.
[Manual – Page 31 Section 2.2]
• understand what are independent events and apply the concept to solve probability
problems.
[Manual – Page 31 Section 2.2]
• define conditional probability and apply the concept to solve probability problems.
[Manual – Page 31 Section 2.2]
UNIT 2 : PROBABILITY

• draw probability trees and use them to calculate probabilities. [Manual – Page 32 – 45]
• understand probability distributions and discrete random variables.
[Manual – Page 52 - 54 Section 2.4]
• work with discrete random variables to calculate mean and variance along with
theorems on Expectation and Variance. [Refer to slides on DRV, Manual : Page 63 - 65
section 2.6, Page 67, Page 70 - 71 Example]
• work with special probability distribution for discrete random variables – the binomial
distribution. Learners should be able to list the assumptions of the distribution and
work with it to calculate relevant probabilities. [Manual : Page 104 - 106]
UNIT 2 : PROBABILITY

• work with special distributions for continuous random variable – The

normal distribution. Learners should be able to use the distribution and
the standardized distribution table to calculate probabilities for the
normal distribution. [Manual : Page 131 - 135]
UNIT 3 : MEASURES OF LOCATION AND
SPREAD
Learners
•   should be able to
• calculate the arithmetic mean of a set of data. [Manual : Page 173 Section 3.1 Example 1]
• calculate the median of a set of data. [Manual : Page 177 Example 10 and Example 11]
• calculate the mode of a set of data. [Manual : Page 179 Notes on mode]
• state and justify which measure of central location is more appropriate to summarise a set
of data.
• work with measures of dispersion, that is calculate the variance and standard deviation of
a set of data. [Manual : Page 181 Example 14]
NOTE : The formula for the variance of a set of raw data is
UNIT 3 : MEASURES OF LOCATION AND
SPREAD
•• calculate
  the sample variance and unbiased estimate of the population variance.
[Manual : Page 182 – 183 and Page 207 Section 4.5]
• calculate the coefficient of variation, given a set of data. [Manual : Page 187]
• explain what are outliers and its impact on the description and analysis of data.

Note
The formula for the sample variance is .
The formula for the unbiased estimate of the population variance is
UNIT 4 : SAMPLING PART 1 – SAMPLING
STRATEGIES
Learners should be able to
• understand what is a sample and a population. [Manual : Page 194 -
195 Section 4.2]
• differentiate between probability and non-probability sampling.
[Manual : Page 195 - 196 Section 4.3]
• state and explain at least two probability methods and state the
advantage and disadvantage of the methods. [Manual : Page 196 –
198 Section 4.4]
SAMPLING PART II – SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS AND ESTIMATION
Learners should be able to
• work with the sampling distribution of the sample mean. [Manual : Page
205 Section 4.3, Page 208 – 209 Examples]
• work with interval estimation and calculate the confidence interval for
the mean of a normal distribution with known variance. [Manual : Page
212 – 213 Section 4.8 and Section 4.9]
UNIT 6 : CORRELATION ANALYSIS

Learners should be able to

• understand correlation and draw scatter diagrams and comment on the diagrams.
[Manual : Page 252 Section 6.1 Correlation]
• compute the correlation coefficient of a set of data and interpret the result. [Manual :
Page 253 – 255 Section 6.2 and Section 6.2.1 and Page 256 – 257 Section 6.2.4]
• compute the coefficient of determination and interpret the result.
[Page 255 Section 6.2.3 and Page 275 Section 7.5]

NOTE: Learners can use the Activities (6.7) on Page 268 to practice the above.
UNIT 7 : SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION
ANALYSIS
Learners should be able to
• understand regression. [Manual : Page 272 Section 7.1]
• describe the main assumptions associated with the simple linear regression model.
[Manual : Page 273 Section 7.3]
• find the equation of the regression line and draw the same on a scatter diagram.
[Manual : Page 273 – 275 Section 7.4]
• use the equation of the regression line to find relevant estimates and comment on the
reliability of estimates. [Page 274 Example]

NOTE: Learners can use the Activities (7.11) on Page 283 to practice the above.
ALL THE BEST!