ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY

OF PLANT

FARHAN KAMAL BAKHTIAR

BI 131017
 CONTENT
1. ANTIMICROBIAL
2. DISEASE
3. URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)
4. EXREACTION METHOD
5. LABORATORY TEST
6. REFERENCES
 ANTIMICROBIAL
• agent that kills microorganisms or inhibits
their growth.
• Agents that kill microbes are called
microbicidal, while those that merely inhibit
their growth are called micro biostatic.
 DISEASE

• Urinary tract infection

 Urinary tract infection

• caused by bacteria that travel to the bladder

through the urethra.
• Enters to the urethra's opening and multiplies.
Sometimes, bacteria travels to the kidneys,
but this is rare.
• The most common culprit is Escherichia coli
(E. coli).
 symptoms

• Pain, during urination

• Increased need to urinate
• Blood or pus in urine
• Fever
• Nausea
• Foul smelling urine
• Abdominal cramps
• Lower abdominal pain
 EXTRACTION METHOD:
1. -Extraction under reflux and steam distillation
2. Maceration
3. Extraction with supercritical fluids
 1. Extraction under reflux and steam distillation

• Immersed in a solvent in a round-bottomed flask,

connected to a condenser.
• Heated to boiling point.
• vapor is condensed.
• Solvent is recycled to the flask.
• Commonly applied to the extraction of plant
essential oils.
• -The main disadvantage is that thermo labile
components risk being degraded.
 2.Maceration

• Plant material is placed in peaces or powder in a container full of solvent

• Three or more days, shake frequently until complete extraction of plant material.
• The material is strained and the remaining solid is squeezed to remove all the
remaining liquid.
• The obtained liquid is clarified by filtration.
• The maceration is performed at room temperature
• Liquids that are most frequently used are water and alcohol, or both
combination.
• Total maceration time depends on the type of plant or the part thereof, or the
active ingredient to extract.

The most commonly used ratio is 1:20 herb/ liquid.

 3.Extration with supercritical fluids
• Industrial scale
• pump for the CO2, a pressure cell .
• Collecting vessel.
• Liquid is pumped to a heating zone.
• Passes into the extraction vessel.
• Dissolves the material to be extracted.
• The dissolved material is swept from the extraction cell into a
separator at lower pressure, and the extracted material settles
out.
• The CO2 can then be cooled, re-compressed and recycled, or
discharged to atmosphere.
 LABORATORT TEST
Paper disc diffusion method

• crude extract, 0.2 μl individual bacterial poured with a

nutrient agar medium (30 ml) in petri plates (90 mm).
• Sterilized filter paper discs .
• soaked in different beakers containing the dissolved extracts
of different concentrations were taken out with sterilized
forceps and air-dried and placed on plates with the different
organisms.
• The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h for bacterial
strains.
• Inoculated plates were observed for zones of inhibition by
using a transparent ruler.
• Susceptibility of the test bacteria using an
inoculated agar plate and norfloxacin and
fluconazole at different concentrations.
• The zones of inhibition were measured and
compared with those of the plant extract.
• The experiment was performed in triplicate,
and the results are reported as mean ± SD.
 Mustard oils for UTI treatment

• Mustard oils derived from horseradish root and the nasturtium

herb can be used as treatment for UTI.
• Two plants from the mustard family containing volatile mustard oils
as the active ingredients, demonstrated antimicrobial properties.
• The group who took the antibiotics experienced a 87.9 percent
decrease in symptoms versus 81.2 percent in patients who took the
herbal drug.
• Researchers found that the herbal drug had a clear advantage
because the participants taking the supplement needed fewer
supportive procedures and administration of concurrent medication.
 Grapeseed extract

• Grapeseed extract may also be an effective

treatment for UTI and other infections. The
supplement promotes activity to fight bacteria that
are causes of urinary tract infections

• Recommends taking 100 milligram capsules or five

to 10 drops of liquid grapeseed extract three times a
day for treating infections.
 Ineffectiveness of antibiotics

• Up to 40 percent of UTIs recur in women within six months and

up to 50 percent within one year using traditional treatments
• Infections are usually caused by the same bacteria.
• Antibiotics only suppress the bacteria temporarily, allowing for
another infection to strike again soon.

Continuing to take herbs, such as cranberry and horseradish,

may prevent another infection by killing new bacteria that cause
UTIs. Goldenseal
 Additional herbs that support the urinary health

• Calendula
• Chamomile
• Fennel
• Ginger
• Oregon grape root
• St. John's wort
• Thyme
• Uva ursi
• Yarrow
 REFERENCES:
• http://www.naturalnews.com/035742_herbal_remedies_
urinary_tract_infections_bacteria.html
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16618018
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17260672
• http://medplant.nmsu.edu/Diseases/uti/uti.html
• http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/urinary-tract-
000169.htm
• http://www.naturalnews.com
• http://www.fkog.uu.se
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3103916
THANK YOU