ASSIGNMENT-3

Measurements and Instrumentation

Energy Audit Instruments

By:
S.Barath(1812403),
B.E/EEE,
KSRCT.
 What is Energy Audit

 An energy audit is an
 Inspection, Survey and Analysis of energy flows for energy conservation
in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input
into the system without negatively affecting the output(s).
 In commercial and industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step
in identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon
footprints.
 Need for Energy Audit

 An energy audit can help determine

a. the energy-wasting deficiencies and
b. can show exactly how to address those problems
 Even more useful, an energy audit will tell
a. how much money and energy can be saved each year
 Energy Audit Instruments(EAI)

●
Anem om et ers
●

Ultras onic Flow Met ers

●
Few Energy Audit
Hygrometers
Instrum
Light M et ersents that would
●

Mult i- meters
●
pHbe
Metersdiscussed in the
Power Fact or Meters
Non-presentation are
●

Cont act Thermomet ers

●
Non- Cont act Tachom eters
 Anemometers

 Anemometers are essentially fluid flow

measuring instruments.
 As energy audit tools, they are most
commonly used to measure air flow from
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) systems.
 Anemometer(contd..)
Applicat
These are most
●
the a irflo w o f H VAC sy stems
●
a lso used to m ea sure o ther cl ea n ai r
flo ws
commonly used
●
Fo r ex a mple, when testing a nd tuni ng

to ions
a H VAC sy stems it is i mpo rta nt to i nsure

measure
tha t a ppro pria te qua nti ti es o f fresh a i r
a re del iv ered
 Ultrasonic Flow Meters

 They are used to estimate fluid flow without

having to penetrate piping.
 They use frequency shift experienced by an
ultrasonic signal as it is reflected by bubbles or
particles (i.e., discontinuities) entrained by a
flowing fluid. The magnitude of the frequency
shift is indicative of the velocity of the fluid.
 Ultrasonic Flow
Meters(contd..)
Ultrasonic flow
Applicat
●
flo w ra tes enteri ng or l ea v i ng a pum p
Fo r exa m pl e, the instrument ca n be
meters can be
●

used to ensure that flo w ra tes a re

ma inta i ned a s efficiency i mpro v ements
used
toions
(i. e., reduci ng mo to r si ze, a nd re-
pl umbing to reduci ng fri ctio nal l osses)

estimate
are ma de to the sy stem
 Hygrometers

 A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring

the moisture content in the atmosphere.
 They use sensors which react to varying levels of
humidity by causing a physical change in a
material which changes its electrical properties
(often resistance).
 The materials’ electrical property is calibrated to
humidity.
 Hygrometer(contd..)
Applicat
Some
Low humiditypro cesses have
results in static
●

electricity
optimal problems whichand
humidity can
damage the delicate electric
tempera ture conditions
components

ions
therefore
High humidityhygrometer
can cause mildew,are
●

wood warping,used
and poor drying
 Light Meter

 Light meters measure illumination or light level in

units of foot-candles or lumens.
 Light emitted by the area of interest passes
through a light-sensitive layer of cells contained in
the meter.
 This light is converted to an electrical signal
proportional to the lights’ intensity.
 Light Meter(contd..)
Light meters are
●

● Applicat
if in ter ior lig ht in g levels ar eap p ropr iat e, b ot h b efor eand aft er

most commonly
lampin g up gr ad es ar emade
Li gh ti ng societies h aved eveloped gu id elin es for li gh tin g levels
for d iff er en t work/in terior areas. Th eseg ui del ines were

used
to ions
d eveloped t omin imizeeye str ain and main tain asafe
en vironmen t, wh ile n ot pr odu ci ng excess lumen levels an d
wastin g en erg y

determine
 Multi-meter

 They measure amps (electron flow), volts

(electrical pressure) and ohms (resistance) of
electrical equipment.
 Multi-meters, particularly the digital clamp-on
designs, are considered the most versatile audit
instrument.
 The typical multi-meter will measure 0 to 300
amps, 0 to 600 volts, and 0 to 1,000 ohms.
 Multi-meter(contd..)
Multi-meters
Applicat
●
check tha t the proper v o lta ge is
supplied to equi pm ent
●
determine i f three-phase po wer suppl y
i s ba la nced

are commonly
●
Fo r exa mple, a v o ltage imba la nce of

ions
3% a t a three-pha se m o to r ca n result in
a 25% mo to r tempera ture increa se,

used to
whi ch reduces mo to r life a nd mo to r
effici ency
 pH Meter

 The pH of an aqueous solution is a value expressing the

solutions’ acidity or basicity, based on the
concentration of hydrogen ions present (where 0 is
strongly basic, 14 is strongly acidic, and 7 is neutral).
 A pH meter uses the property of certain types of
electrodes to exhibit electrical potential when
immersed in a solution.
 The electrical potential is indicative of the solutions’ pH.
 pH Meter(contd..)
Applicat
●
to pro perl y ma intai n wa ter qua li ty i n
Accurate
order to pro tect equipment a nd
ma teri a ls tha t are i n co nta ct wi th the

measurements
water (e.g., bo iler tubes a nd hea t ex -
cha ngers) of
ions
Serio us pro bl ems (e.g. , preci pi ta ti on o f
sapH
lts a nd are required
●

co rro si o n) can occur i f proper

pH lev els a re no t ma inta i ned
 Power Factor Meter

 Power factor meters are used to measure the power

factor of electrical equipment, particularly three-phase
motors.
 Power factor is a measurement of the electrical
current in a wire which is doing useful work compared
to the total electrical current in the wire.
 The non-useful component of the current requires
generation, transmission, and distribution capacity,
thereby causing inefficiencies in power systems.
 Power Factor Meter(contd..)
Applicat
●
the co st o f po wer genera tio n i s reduced
●
uti li tyCapacitors cana be
po wer fa cto r charges re reduced
(i f lev ied)
●
installed to correct power
tra nsmi ssio n, distri butio n, fa ci li ty
factor problems, with
ions
co nnectio n, a nd co nducto r si ze needs
a re reduced (a s the I *I*R lo sses a re
po wer fa ctor improve ment
reduced)
 Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer

 These thermometers rely on the electromagnetic

radiation emitted by solids or fluids. The radiation is
characteristic of their temperature.
 The heart of the infrared thermometer is the detecting
surface, which absorbs infrared energy and converts it
to an electrical voltage or current.
 The accuracy of temperature measurements by infrared
instruments depends on the absorption, reflection, and
transmission characteristics of the radiative flux.
 Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer
(contd..)
Applicat
The primary use of
●
building or equipment thermal
losses
infrared
●
sensors
pinpoint insulation or in an
weatherization needs
energy management
ion
identify electrical hot spots
●

●
program is tofriction
locate unseen motor detectpoints
 Non-Contact Tachometer

 A tachometer is an instrument used to measure

the rotational speed of a shaft or wheel in
revolutions per minute (rpm).
 Non-Contact tachometer employs a variable-
frequency, flashing light which makes the
rotating component appear to stand still when
the frequencies match.
 This allows the users to measure the rotational
speed without contacting the object in question.
 Non-Contact Tachometer(contd..)
These are
Applicat
the m echanical loading of m ot ors
●

●
by meas uring a motors’ rpm and
typically
elect rical cons umption, its
effi ciency can be det erm ined
used to
ions
●
non- cont act t achomet ers are als o
com monly us ed t o meas ure fan
determine
speeds and det erm ine fan out put
THANK
YOU