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MEBS6008 Thermal
MEBS6008 Thermal
Increase in storage capacity comparing with partial storage is 5 ton x 3hr = 15 tons
15 tons x $70/ton = $1050
The increase in plant capacity comparing with partial storage is 5.71 – 5 ton = 0.71ton
0.71 ton x $600/ton = $426.
$426 + $1050 = $1,476.
Weekly Cycle
Partial storage : 120 ton/ (24 hr x 7 days) = 0.71 ton
Full storage : 120 ton/ (24hr x 7 days – 3 hrs) = 0.73 tons
Ice storage
An ice-on-coil, internal-melt ice storage system uses brine flowing inside coils to ma
ke ice and to melt ice in the water that surrounds the coil.
Centrifugal, screw, and reciprocating chillers are usually used in ice-on-coil internal-
melt ice storage systems depending on the size of the plant and types of condens
er (water-cooled, air cooled, or evaporatively cooled) used.
During ice burning, melted water separates the tube and ice.
Water has a much lower thermal conductivity 0.61 W/m °C than that
of ice 2.25 W/m °C, so the capacity of the ice-on-coil, internal-melt
ice storage system is dominated by the rate of ice burning or
melting.
Its freezing point is lower than that of water, and depends on the concentration
of salt or glycol in solution.
Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are brines that are colorless, nearly
odorless liquids.
They are often mixed with water at various concentrations and used as freezing
point depressants to lower the freezing point of water.
Off-Peak. This is the period from 9 p.m. until the air-handling units start
the next morning. During this period, the primary operating mode is ice
making and the chillers also provide direct cooling at a small capacity for
refrigeration loads that operate 24 h.
Off-Peak.
Off-Peak
2. Reset the temperature of the glycol solution leaving the chiller to about
-6°C
5. Chiller pumps operate at high speed during ice making to provide a higher
flow rate as well as a greater head to overcome the pressure drop for
both the evaporator and the coils in the ice storage tanks.
Off-peak
When the sensors detect that the ice storage tanks are 100 percent
charged, the ice-making mode is terminated.
If the ice inventory (the amount of stored ice in the tanks) falls below
90 percent, ice making starts again.
Direct Cooling
Direct-cooling operation lasts from the start of the air-handling units
until noon on weekdays. This period has two operating modes:
Direct cooling mode: Chillers are operating and are reset to 1.1°C.
Direct cooling with ice-burning mode: Both chillers are turned on.
When the required refrigeration load exceeds both chillers’ capacity,
some ice storage will be discharged to supplement the chillers.
On-Peak
On-peak hours are from noon until 9 p.m. weekdays.
On-Peak
1. Open control valves and close
control valves as shown on the
right diagram.
2. Open control valve serving
chiller 1 and close control valve
serving chiller 2 if chiller 1 is
required to operate.
3. Vice versa for 2 above.
On-Peak
4. Modulate control valves shown on
left from normal open positions.
5. Reset chilled water temperature
leaving the chiller to 0°C.
6. Set the load limit of the
operating chiller.
7. Start one condenser pump.
8. Start chiller pumps 1 and 2 at
low speed. Both pumps will
operate during ice burning.
9. Start one chiller according to
the lead/lag sequence.
On-Peak
10. Modulate control valves marked
with M to maintain a 1.1°C chilled
water supply temperature to the
air-handling units.
When the ice melts, it cools the water at a temperature between 1.1 a
nd 3.3°C for cooling in the AHUs.
Ice builders are large, well-insulated steel tanks containing many coils, usually
made of steel pipes of 25 to 30mm diameter.
HCFC-22 is currently used as the refrigerant.(HFC for refrigerant??)
The refrigerant-filled coils are submerged in water in the ice builder and
function as evaporators.
The ice build up on the coil is between 25 and 64 mm thick.
When ice builds up on the coil, the suction temperature of the compressor
falls to -5.6 to -4.5°C.
Ice is melted by the water circulating over it.
The steel tubes of the coil should be spaced so that the built-up ice cylinders
do not bridge each other.
If the cylinders are bridged, the paths of water circulation are blocked.
Baffle plates are sometimes added to guide the water flow and provide a
secondary heat-transfer surface between the refrigerant and water.
Refrigerant Feed - 1
Two kinds of refrigerant feed are widely used in ice-on-coil, external-melt ice
storage systems: direct expansion and liquid overfeed.
Direct expansion (DX) uses the pressure difference between the receiver at
the high-pressure side and the suction pressure to force the refrigerant to
flow through the ice builder.
Direct expansion is simple, and no refrigeration pump is required.
Its main drawback is that 15 to 20 percent of the coil surface is used for
superheat and is not available for ice buildup.
Liquid overfeed uses a refrigerant pump to feed ice-builder coils about 3 times
the evaporation rate they need.
Because the liquid refrigerant wets the inner surface of the ice-builder coils,
liquid overfeed has a higher heat-transfer coefficient than direct expansion.
The thicker the ice built up on the coils, the greater the amount of ice
stored in the tank.
The thickness of ice on the coil should be measured to meet ice-
burning requirements during on-peak operating hours or in the direct
cooling period.
Because ice has a higher volume than water, as the ice builder is
charged (i.e., as ice builds up on the coil), the water level rises.
An electric probe can sense the water level in the tank and thereby
determine the amount of ice stored in the tank.
When partial storage is used, their relative location can be either in chil
ler upstream or chiller downstream arrangements.
However, the usable portion of the total storage capacity will be redu
ced because of the lower storage tank discharge temperature.
A pump is used to pump the overflowing fluid in the inventory tank back i
nto the storage tank after discharging.
With non-dimpled spherical containers that expand very little as the encap
sulated ice freezes, storage inventory can be monitored based on the inte
grated flow and temperature measurements.
Encapsulated ice storage systems use a storage tank bypass three-way m
odulating valve to control the chilled water leaving temperature.
Chillers should be controlled at full load during charging to prevent the r
eduction of system efficiency and incomplete charging of ice storage.
The chiller leaving temperature setpoint should be set at or below the m
inimum required charging temperature so that the chiller is fully loaded
throughout the charging cycle.
It then flows downward along the outer surface of the plate in a thin
film.
Water is cooled and then frozen into ice sheets approximately 5 to 7.5
mm thick.
Because the ice flakes are usually smaller than 1500 mm by 1500 mm
by 63 mm, there is a large contact area between the return brine
from the cooling coils and the ice.
The time required to melt the ice in the storage tank is less than one-
tenth of the time needed in ice making or charging.
Because the evaporator plates must be located above the storage tank, ice-
harvesting systems need more headroom than other ice storage systems.
The temperature of brine from the storage tank of the ice harvester
can be lowered to 1oC, which is 1oC lower than in the ice-on-coil,
internal-melt ice storage system.
But melting of the ice during the harvesting process decreases the
amount of ice harvested and adds an incremental refrigeration load to
the system.
from where the ice slurry is fed into the storage tank.
only limited by the temperature rise and flow rate of the chilled
water.
The success of this technique relies on an assumption that all of the solute is
being rejected to the liquid phase upon solidification and minimal dilution
of the working fluid over time (e.g., due to condensation of moisture from
the air in the storage vessel).
Charging is the process of filling the storage tank with chilled water
from the chiller, usually at a temperature between 4 and 7oC.
Meanwhile, the warmer return chilled water from the air-handling
units or terminals, usually at a temperature between 11 and 16 oC, is
extracted from the storage tank and pumped to the chiller to be
cooled.
In the process of discharging, the chilled water, at a temperature
between 5 and 7oC, from the storage tank is supplied to the terminal
units such as air handling units.
At the same time, the warmer return chilled water from the coils
fills the tank with an aid of storage water pumps.
The smaller the losses of cooling capacity during chilled water storage,
the greater the value of FOM.
Well-designed storage tanks have figures of merit of 90% or higher for
daily complete charge/discharge cycles and between 80 and 90% for
partial charge/discharge cycles.
Obstructions in the flow crossing the tank, other than diffusers and the co
nnecting piping, should be minimized.
The function of diffusers is to reduce mixing.
Mixing can occur at at the start of the charging and discharging process
es.
Mixing also occur at the reformation of the thermocline, and at the inlet
side of the thermocline after the thermocline has been formed.
Mixing near the inlet diffuser can be minimized if the incoming chilled wate
r initially forms a thin layer of gravity current that travels across the tank.
Gravity current slowly pushes the chilled water originally in the tank out
of the way so that mixing only occurs at the front of the gravity current w
hen it first crosses the tank.
The inlet Reynolds number is closely related to the inlet velocity and is
defined as
q
Re i
vw
Where
When Rei < 850, loss due to mixing and loss of cooling capacity during disch
arge can be significantly reduced.
q
Fri 0.5
3 (i a )
ghi
i
Where
During the charging process, return chilled water is extracted from the
top diffusers of the stratified tank, cooled in the chiller, and charged into
the stratified tank again through the bottom diffusers.
During the discharging process, stored chilled water is extracted from the
stratified tank and supplied to the cooling coils in the air-handling units and
terminals.
The return chilled water is introduced to the stratified tank through the top
diffusers.
Both the outlet temperature of return chilled water during charging and
inlet temperature of return chilled water during discharging should be
controlled between 13 and 16°C so that stratification can be maintained in the
storage tank.