A urinalysis tests various properties of a urine sample to help diagnose conditions affecting the urinary tract or kidneys. It measures things like leukocyte esterase and nitrites to detect urinary tract infections, protein levels to assess kidney function, and casts to identify kidney damage. Abnormal results on a urinalysis may indicate issues like urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or kidney disease.
A urinalysis tests various properties of a urine sample to help diagnose conditions affecting the urinary tract or kidneys. It measures things like leukocyte esterase and nitrites to detect urinary tract infections, protein levels to assess kidney function, and casts to identify kidney damage. Abnormal results on a urinalysis may indicate issues like urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or kidney disease.
A urinalysis tests various properties of a urine sample to help diagnose conditions affecting the urinary tract or kidneys. It measures things like leukocyte esterase and nitrites to detect urinary tract infections, protein levels to assess kidney function, and casts to identify kidney damage. Abnormal results on a urinalysis may indicate issues like urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or kidney disease.
A urinalysis tests various properties of a urine sample to help diagnose conditions affecting the urinary tract or kidneys. It measures things like leukocyte esterase and nitrites to detect urinary tract infections, protein levels to assess kidney function, and casts to identify kidney damage. Abnormal results on a urinalysis may indicate issues like urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or kidney disease.
Complete Blood Count (CBC) • A complete blood count (CBC) • measures the cells that make up the blood: a. red blood cells, b. white blood cells, and c. platelets. complete blood count (CBC) • Purpose: 1. It may ordered as part of a routine 2. Check for anemia 3. Check for another health issue or 4. to explain symptoms like weakness, fever, bruising, or feeling tired 5. Keep an eye on a blood condition you already have. 6. See how medications or treatments like chemotherapy are affecting your blood complete blood count (CBC) 7. Give information on overall health. 8. It measures the following things: a. White blood cells (WBCs). These help to fight infections. If you have high WBC levels, it tells your doctor you have inflammation or infection somewhere in your body. If it’s low, you could be at risk for infection. The normal range is 4,500 to 10,000 cells per microliter (cells/mcL). (A microliter is a very tiny amount – one millionth of a liter). complete blood count (CBC) 7. Give information on overall health. 8. It measures the following things: b. RBC (red blood cell count). This is the number of red blood cells you have. These are important because they deliver oxygen through your body. They also help carry carbon dioxide. They also help carry carIf your RBC count is too low, you may have anemia or another condition. (If you have anemia, your blood has fewer red blood cells than normal.) The normal range for men is 4.5 million to 5.9 million cells/mcL; for women it’s 4.1 million to 5.1 million cells/mcL. complete blood count (CBC) 7. Give information on overall health. 8. It measures the following things: c. Hb or Hgb (hemoglobin). This is the protein in your blood that holds the oxygen. The normal range for men is 14 to 17.5 grams per deciliter (gm/dL); for women it’s 12.3 to 15.3 gm/dL. complete blood count (CBC) 7. Give information on overall health. 8. It measures the following things: d. Hct (hematocrit). This value provides information about how much of your blood is comprised of red blood cells. A low score on the range scale may be a sign that you have too little iron, the mineral that helps produce red blood cells. A high score could mean you’re dehydrated or have another condition. The normal range for men is between 41.5% and 50.4%. For women the range is between 36.9% and 44.6%. complete blood count (CBC) 7. Give information on overall health. 8. It measures the following things: e. MCV (mean corpuscular volume). This is the average size of your red blood cells. If they’re bigger than normal, your MCV goes up. That could happen if you have low vitamin B12 or folate levels. If your red blood cells are smaller, you could have a type of anemia. A normal-range MCV score is 80 to 96. complete blood count (CBC) 7. Give information on overall health. 8. It measures the following things: f. Platelets. These play a role in clotting. This test measures the number of platelets in your blood. The normal range is 150,000 to 450,000 platelets/mcL urinalysis Urinalysis (UA) • simply means analysis of urine. • Urinalysis is very a useful test in the diagnosis of and screening for many diseases and conditions. – diagnosing urinary tract infections (UTIs), – diagnosing kidney stones, – screening for and evaluating many types of kidney diseases, and – diagnosing and monitoring the progression such as diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure (hypertension). Urinalysis (UA) • Urine collection methods • 1. Mid-stream clean catch urine sample collection. • After the urethra is properly cleaned, the collection may begin by discarding the initial stream of urine into the toilet. • Then, 10-15 milliliters (ml) of urine may be collected in the provided sterile specimen cup by directly urinating into the cup. • Once an adequate amount is collected, then the remaining urine should be voided in the toilet. Urinalysis (UA) • Urine collection methods • 2. Collection of urine from the collection bag – simply collect the urine from the collection bag into the sterile cup. • 3. Attaching a small collection bag with a bandage- type adhesive to the external genital region. – Samples can be collected from babies and toddlers who are not yet toilet trained by attaching a small collection bag with a bandage-type adhesive to the external genital region. Urinalysis (UA) Random urine sample. ■ Urinalysis provides information about the renal/urinary system. ■ Protein content in urine is indicative of decreased renal function. Urinalysis (UA) Random urine sample. ■ Specific gravity measures the concentration of particles in the urine and is an indicator of the kidney’s ability to concentrate urine. • It also reflects overall hydration status. • Low specific gravity indicates that the urine is dilute; high specific gravity means that the urine is concentrated (volume depletion). Urinalysis (UA) Random urine sample. ■ Leukocyte esterase, nitrite, and white blood cells in the urine are an indication of urinary tract infection. ■ Red blood cells indicate of damage to the renal tubules. ■ Crystals indicate the presence of renal stones. Urinalysis (UA) Random urine sample.. ■ Casts are clumps of cells formed in the tubules. Hyaline casts indicate protein in the urine. • WBC and RBC casts are generally indicative of upper urinary tract infection. • RBC casts are also present in other serious kidney disorders. • Renal tubular epithelial cell casts reflect damage to the tubules and are found in renal tubular necrosis, viral disease, and transplant rejection. • Fasting blood sugar Fasting blood sugar Glucose, Fasting NPO for 8 hours Adult: 70–105 mg/dL; SI units: 3.9–5.8 mmol/L Child 2 years old: 60–100 mg/dL Critical Levels: 50 or 400 mg/dL . Red-top tube. Fasting sample. ■ Assessed to diagnose or monitor Type 1 and 2 diabetes. ■ An elevated fasting blood glucose level above 126 mg/dL on at least two occasions typically indicates diabetes. Random blood sugar test • random glucose testing • Random glucose testing measures the levels of glucose in the blood at any given point in the day. • It is useful for people who need a speedy diagnosis, such as those with type 1 diabetes who require supplementary insulin as a matter of emergency. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). • People with diabetes can sometimes demonstrate normal results in the fasting or random glucose tests yet still have diabetes.
• If a doctor still suspects that a person has diabetes, they may
recommend an OGTT. This test also requires a person not to eat or drink for 8 hours.
• After giving the first blood sample, the individual drinks a
liquid containing glucose. The doctor then takes more blood samples hourly over the next 2 hours. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Glucose Tolerance Test, Standard Oral Fasting: 126 mg/dL; SI units: 7 mmol/L 2-hr: 200 mg/dL; SI units 1.1 mmol/L . Red-top tube. Fasting sample. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Glucose Tolerance Test, Standard Oral ■ Blood glucose levels are assessed twice. • The first is a fasting sample, • the second sample is taken 2 hr after ingestion of 75 g of glucose. Samples may be assessed at other times as well. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Glucose Tolerance Test, Standard Oral ■ Useful for screening for gestational diabetes but usually unnecessary for diagnosing diabetes as fasting blood glucose 126 mg/dL or a random blood glucose level 200 mg/dL is ususally considered diagnostic. Cardiac Biomarkers ■ Enzymes, proteins, and hormones used in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. ■ Biomarkers rise, peak, and return to normal in predictable time frames allowing health care providers to monitor the progress of he infarction. Cardiac Biomarkers ■ These laboratory tests include: 1. Albumin cobalt binding 2. Creatinine kinase (CK) (or creatine phosphokinase) and CK-MB isoenzyme (less frequently used) 3. Troponin (most widely used to assess heart damage) 4. Myoglobin (less frequently used; may be ordered with troponin) 5. B-type natriuretic peptide (used to assess heart function)