Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Endeavor to understand
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”
nature
Final thoughts

Dr. Anirban Saha,

Shoolini University
(member of the CMS/CERN
collaboration)

4/6/20 1 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Understanding nature
Basics

The past

Challenges
• We want to understand how nature works
Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID • Probing the basic constituents of matter
LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts
• Very little knowledge about the universe

• Tool to probe such regime

4/6/20 2 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Particle Detectors Overview
Basics • What does a particle detector need to do?
The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
• The challenges of modern detectors
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events” • Rising to the challenge - let’s design a

Final thoughts
detector!

• The LHC detectors and components

4/6/20 3 Dr. Anirban Saha

 What we do at CERN: Smash things
together and see what happens!
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 4 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Spherical Detector
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 5 Dr. Anirban Saha

Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker Forward Detector
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 6 Dr. Anirban Saha

 What the particle detectors do
Basics • Need to determine:
The past

Challenges
– What particles do we see? (generally only the
Where to start? stable ones)
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
– Where did they come from and where do they
go?
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events” – What were their energies and momenta?

Final thoughts

• In order to understand:
– What happened in a collision between particles?
– Has something interesting been created?
• If so, what was it?

4/6/20 7 Dr. Anirban Saha

 The challenges of modern detectors
Basics • We don’t really know what we are looking
The past

Challenges
for!
Where to start?
• The “interesting” things we are looking
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID
for are very rare
LHC detectors – Need to make millions of collisions every
“Events”

Final thoughts
second!
• Cannot use conventional photography
– The interesting things are also unstable…..

4/6/20 8 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Unstable Interesting Particles
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

The interesting things disappear

almost instantly. We “see” the
resulting particles – so we have to be
like detectives – look at the evidence
to see what happened!

4/6/20 9 Dr. Anirban Saha

 The challenges of modern detectors
Basics • Each collision produces many hundreds of
The past

Challenges
particles
Where to start?
• The energies/momenta of the particles
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID
involved are huge
LHC detectors – The detectors are very complex and have many
“Events”

Final thoughts
layers
– They also need to be big! VERY BIG!!

4/6/20 10 Dr. Anirban Saha

 LHC Detectors
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

11

4/6/20 11 Dr. Anirban Saha

 The two giant detectors for the LHC
Basics

The past
ATLAS
Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

CMS

4/6/20 12 Dr. Anirban Saha

 LHC Detectors
ATLAS
Basics CMS
The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

ALICE LHCb

4/6/20 13 Dr. Anirban Saha

 The challenges of modern detectors
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

Have to understand this sort of image 40 million times per second!

4/6/20 14 Dr. Anirban Saha
 A simple collision at LHC simulation
Basics

The past Higgs  4 muons

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID Where are the
LHC detectors
muons?
“Events”

Final thoughts

Red lines show

the muons

4/6/20 15 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Let’s add a magnetic field!
Basics Charged
The past
particles bend in
Challenges
the magnetic
Where to start?

Detector Design
field
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors The lower the

“Events” particle momentum
Final thoughts (~speed) the more
they bend.

Now the muons

are clear!
4/6/20 16 Dr. Anirban Saha
 CMS Detector
Basics

The past
The “CMS”
Challenges detector for LHC
Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID
Each colour
LHC detectors

“Events”
shows a
Final thoughts different layer

This is the view

along the beam
direction

4/6/20 17 Dr. Anirban Saha

 CMS solenoid magnet
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 18 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Standing in the CMS solenoid – at
100K!
Basics

The past
CMS solenoid is 13m
Challenges
long, 6m diameter and
Where to start?
provides a magnetic field
Detector Design
Tracker of
Calorimetry
Particle ID 3.8 teslas when a current
LHC detectors of ~19500 Amps is
“Events” passed down it – coil is
Final thoughts made of superconducting
niobium-titanium and
operates at -269oC
With the return yoke
CMS weighs around
14000 tonnes!

4/6/20 19 Dr. Anirban Saha

Basics

The past

Challenges
Tracking Detectors
Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
To measure the direction and
momenta of charged particles
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

Thin sensors – do not disturb the trajectories of the

particles: must go on the inside of the detector

4/6/20 20 Dr. Anirban Saha

 A basic “Tracker”
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

Multiple thin layers of, for example, silicon sensors

4/6/20 21 Dr. Anirban Saha

 CMS Tracker
Basics

The past Many layers of

Challenges

Where to start?
silicon sensors
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

Silicon sensors are reverse-biased diodes. Electrons & holes created in the
extended depletion region due to the passage of a charged particle make a signal
4/6/20 22 Dr. Anirban Saha
Basics

The past

Challenges
Calorimeters
Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
To measure the energies of
different types of particle
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts Electromagnetic Calorimeters – sensitive to

photons, electrons, positrons
Hadronic Calorimeters – sensitive to “hadrons”
(particles containing quarks) such as protons,
neutrons, pions etc.
The calorimeters “stop” the incoming particles
so must go outside of the “tracker”

4/6/20 23 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Calorimeters: Lead Tungstate Crystal
Basics • One dense substance – PbWO4 - produces
The past

Challenges the shower and scintillation light

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors
Vacuum phototriode
“Events”
For light detection
Final thoughts

22cm

4/6/20 24 Dr. Anirban Saha

 A basic “sampling” calorimeter
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

Total # of particles is proportional to energy of incoming particle

Light materials (green) produce a signal proportional

to the number of charged particles traversing

4/6/20 25 Dr. Anirban Saha

Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start? Muon Detectors

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors
Specifically to detect Muons
“Events”

Final thoughts
Only charged particles to travel all the way through the
calorimeters are Muons (~heavy electrons)
If we see any signal in these detectors we ~know that it is
due to a passing Muon
Muons signify that something interesting has happened
(e.g. production of a Higgs boson!)

4/6/20 26 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Design of the detector
Basics • Need to identify the different types of
The past

Challenges
particle
Where to start?
• Combination of signals in the tracker,
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID
calorimeters and muon chambers can
LHC detectors
identify many particles
“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 27 Dr. Anirban Saha

 With several different layers
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 28 Dr. Anirban Saha

Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 29 Dr. Anirban Saha

Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 30 Dr. Anirban Saha

Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 31 Dr. Anirban Saha

Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 32 Dr. Anirban Saha

Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 33 Dr. Anirban Saha

 People involved
Basics • CMS and ATLAS have about 2500
The past

Challenges
collaborators each, including more than
Where to start?
1000 students!
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID
• They come from all over the world - about
LHC detectors
80 countries
“Events”

Final thoughts • We have been working on these detectors

for the past ~20 years and they will
operate for at least another 10!

4/6/20 34 Dr. Anirban Saha

Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

BACK-UP SLIDES

4/6/20 35 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Particles in Matter
Basics • All interactions of particles with matter
The past

Challenges
involve energy loss, that is seen as either:
Where to start? – Ionization
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
– Scintillation light
Particle ID

LHC detectors – Cerenkov light

“Events”

Final thoughts
– …..

4/6/20 36 Dr. Anirban Saha

 The first particle detectors
Basics
Cloud chamber
(1911 by Charles T. R. Wilson, Nobel Prize 1927)
The past
chamber with saturated water vapour;
Challenges
originally developed to study formation of
Where to start?
rain clouds
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors
Positron loses
“Events” energy in lead:
Final thoughts narrower curvature

lead plate

Was used for discovery of the positron

(1932 by Carl Anderson, Nobel Prize 1936)

upward going positron

4/6/20 37 Dr. Anirban Saha
 The first particle detectors
Basics

The past
Liquid hydrogen “bubble chamber”
Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID
The hydrogen acts as a
LHC detectors

“Events”
target (for incoming
Final thoughts particles) and a detector

4/6/20 38 Dr. Anirban Saha

 The first particle detectors
Particle
Particlecolliding
collidingwith
withaa Many people employed to
Basics
proton
protonininliquid
liquidhydrogen
hydrogen
The past look through these photos to
Challenges --AA“Bubble
“BubbleChamber”
Chamber” understand what happened!
Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 39 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Scanning Photographs
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 40 Dr. Anirban Saha

 ATLAS tile calorimeter
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 41 Dr. Anirban Saha

 The first particle detectors
Basics Spark Chambers
The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

Big one in the CERN microcosm

4/6/20 42 Dr. Anirban Saha

 The first particle detectors
•Phil. Mag. Xiii (1896)392
Basics
•Conduction of electricity through
The past
gases (Ist ed 1903)
Challenges •Proc. of Royal Soc. A81(1908)14 1
Where to start? •The Geiger-Müller tube – 1928
Detector Design •Tube filled with inert gas+ organic
Tracker
Calorimetry vapour
Particle ID
•Central thin wire (20 – 50 µm)
LHC detectors
•High voltage between wire and tube
“Events”

Final thoughts
Strong increase of E-field close to the wire
electron gains more and more energy

above some threshold (>10 kV/cm)

electron energy high enough to ionize other gas
molecules
newly created electrons also start ionizing

avalanche effect: exponential increase of

electrons (and ions)
measurable signal on wire
organic substances responsible for “quenching”
(stopping) the discharge
4/6/20 43 Dr. Anirban Saha
 The first particle detectors
•Geiger-Müller tube just good for single tracks with
Basics

The past
limited precision (no position information)
Challenges
•Multi Wire Proportional Chamber (MWPC)
Where to start? •(1968 by Georges Charpak, Nobel Prize 1992)
Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry cathode
Particle ID
plane (-)
LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts
anode plane
E (+),
many wires,
a few mm
apart

E
charged
particle cathode
plane (-)
Georges Charpak, Fabio Sauli and Jean-Claude Santiard

4/6/20 44 Dr. Anirban Saha

 The “Gothic Cathedrals of the 21st Century”

Basics ATLAS
The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 45 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Transporting and constructing the CMS
solenoid
Basics

The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts

4/6/20 46 Dr. Anirban Saha

 Silicon Sensors (1)
Basics

The past

Challenges
Electrons & holes
P-type
Where to start?

Detector Design drift apart and

Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID
+- Depletion region produce a small
(few mm) current
300mm

LHC detectors

“Events”

Final thoughts
N-type A

Charged
particle
4/6/20 47 Dr. Anirban Saha
 Silicon Sensors (2)
Basics
Challenges

Basics
The past
Magnet
P-type Reverse-biasing the
Challenges
Tracking
Calorimetry
Where
Muons to start?
+- diode “grows” the
Particle ID +- depletion region

(~same as Si thickness)
Detector Design
CMS
Tracker
Design +- (20-500 V required)
Calorimetry
+-

Depletion region
CMS
Particle
Detectors
ID
Tracker
+-
300mm

LHC
ECALdetectors
HCAL
“Events”
Solenoid +-
MUON
Final
Triggering
thoughts
+-
+-
+-
Installation

Collaboration
+-
Higgs  gg
+- A
Status
+-
+- Electrons & holes
N-type drift apart and
Charged produce a large
particle current
4/6/20 48 Dr. Anirban Saha
 Calorimeters: “Shower production”
Basics
In a dense medium….
The past

Challenges

Where to start?

Detector Design
Tracker
Calorimetry
Particle ID

LHC detectors Incoming

“Events”
electron
Final thoughts

Bremsstrahlung
e+e- pair production
4/6/20 49 Dr. Anirban Saha