STEAM TURBINE

• What is Turbine

• “Turbine” is a general term for any device that extracts mechanical

energy from a fluid – generally converting it to rotating energy of a
turbine wheel.

• For liquids, we usually call them “hydraulic turbines” or “hydro-

turbines”.

• For gases, we usually call them “wind turbines”, “gas turbines”, or

“steam turbines”, depending on the type of gas being used.

• In steam turbine, steam from the steam generator / boiler is pushed

into the turbine through nozzles, which spins the blades mounted on a
shaft. The steam turbine consists of a casing to which stationary
blades are fixed inside and a rotor has moving blades on the periphery.
Classification of Turbines

Steam turbines may be classified into different categories depending on their construction, the
process by which heat drop is achieved, the initial and final conditions of steam used and their
industrial usage.

According to the number of pressure stages:

· Single-stage
· Multistage impulse and reaction turbines; they are made in a wide range of power capacities
varying from small to large.

According to the direction of steam flow:

· Axial turbines in which the steam flows in a direction parallel to the axis of the turbine;
· Radial turbines in which the steam flows in a direction perpendicular to the axis of the turbine
with one or more low pressure stages in such turbines being axial.
According to the number of cylinder:
· Single-cylinder turbines.
· Double-cylinder turbines.
· Three-Cylinder turbines and
Multi-Cylinder turbines
According to the method of governing:
· Turbines with throttle governing
· Turbine with bypass governing

According to the principle of action of steam:

· Impulse turbines.
· Axial reaction turbines.
· Radial reaction turbines with stationary guide blades.
· Radial reaction turbines without any stationary blades.

According to the heat drop process:

· Condensing turbines with regeneration;
· Back pressure turbines:
· Mixed pressure turbines

According to the steam conditions at inlet to turbines:

· Low-pressure turbines, using steam at pressure of 1.2 to 2 ata.
· Medium-pressure turbines, using steam at pressure of upto. 40 ata.
· High-pressure turbines, utilising steam at pressure above 40 ata.
· Turbines of very high pressures, utilising steam at pressures of 170 ata and
higher and temperature of 535 deg. C and higher.
· Turbines of supercritical pressures, using steam at pressure of 255 ata and
above.

According to their usage in industry

TURBINE SYSTEM
Typical Turbine Layout
Turbine Section View Double Flow Turbine
Convergent-Divergent model
 Range of turbine Design Parameter

High Pressure Gas Turbine:

Maximum AN2 : 2.5×107 – 3.3 ×107 m2.rpm2.
Stage loading coefficient: 1.4 – 2.0
Stage Exit Mach Number: 0.4 – 0.5

Low Pressure Gas Turbine:

Inlet mass flow rate: 195 – 215 kg/m2.s
Hub/tip ratio: .35-.5
Max. Stage loading (based on hub): 2.4
Exit Mach Number: 0.4 – 0.5
Flow through impulse blades
Moving Blade