Structural Systems Eng. I. R. P.

Gunathilaka
AGM (Special Projects – 1)
CECB
1
 STRUCTURE
• Refers to a system of connected parts
that can support loach with performing is
primary function

2
 Type of Structures

(1) Civil Structures

-Buildings
-Bridges
-Towers

3
4
5
6
7
8
 Type of Structures

(2) Military Structures

-Ships
-Tanks

9
10
• All static/station structures used by
the Public design by Civil
Engineer.

11
 Design the structure for

• Safety
• Serviceability
• Aesthetic
• Economy
• Environmental condition

12
13
14
15
16
 Selection of Options

• Consider many possible options

17
Design Process

18
• This is a logical creative and technical
exercise.

• Need knowledge on
-Material properties and mechanics
-Loads and their impacts
-Structural analysis
-Designing members and connections
-Selection of options

19
Classification of structures

• Based on their forms and

functions.

20
Four basic types of structures

• Trusses
• Cable and arches
• Frames
• Surface structures

21
 TRUSES

• Trusses consists of members arranged in

a triangular pattern.

22
23
 Types of Trusses

(1) Plane trusses

-Member line in a same plan
eg:- Bridges, roofs
(2) Space trusses
- Members are in 3 dimensional space
eg:- Transmission towers

24
25
26
27
28
 Loading mechanism

• Tensile

• compressive process

29
30
31
32
33
 Frames
• Composed of beams and columns
connected together

34
35
36
37
 Types of Frames

• 2D frames

• 3D frames

38
 Different types of frames

• Braced frames
-All connections are pinned
-Diagonal frame buildings

39
 Moment resisting frames

• Connections are rigid

• No diagonal bracings

40
 Surface structures
• Plates or shell type structures
• Less thickness compared to its other
dimension
• Subjected to only tension or
compressive force
• Used rigid material like reinforced
concrete.

41
42
 Cables and arches
• Cables
- Used to long spaces
- Generally flexible and carry loads in
tension.
- Commonly used to support bridges
and building roofs

43
44
45
 Arches
• Rigid to maintain its shape

• Generally subjected to compression

• Used in bridges

46
47
48
Classification of structural members

Five basic types of structure members

- Tension member or tie rods

- Compression members or column or

struts

49
50
- Flexural members or beams

- Members subjected to combine

loadings

51
52
53
54
 Tension members
• Structural member subjects to tensile
forces
Eg:- Tie rods
Truss structures
Braced frames
• Usually slender members

55
 Columns and struts
• Generally vertical and resists axial
& compressive loads.

• I-section and tubes used for metal

column

56
• Circular and square cross sections
with reinforcing bars used for
concrete compression members.

• Compression member in trusses

called struts.
(vertical or inclined)

57
 Beams or Flexural Members
• Beams are usually straight horizontal
members that are used primarily to carry
vertical loads.
• Beams are usually classified according to their
support conditions.
• When the beam cross-section varies along the
length it is called as a tapered or haunched
beam.

58
 Beams or Flexural Members
• When the beam is curved along the
longitudinal axis, it is called as a curved
beam.
• Beams are primarily designed to resist
bending moment and shear force?
• The cross-section for beams made from
metals (steel or aluminium) have been
optimized to use the least amount of
material.
59
 Beams or Flexural Members
• The optimized cross-section looks like an
I-shape. The horizontal plates are called
flanges and the vertical plate is called
‘web’.

• In this shape, the flanges primarily resist

the moments and the web resists the
shear.

60
61
62
63
 Beams or Flexural Members
• The forces in the top and bottom flanges
of the beam form the necessary couple to
resist the applied moment M.
• Steel mills produce beams in a single unit
by hot rolling them. You can order steel
beams with depths up to 40 in. that are
capable of spanning up to 75 ft.

64
 Beams or Flexural Members
• If greater depths are needed, plate girders
can be used. Plate girders are made by
welding together three plates (the web and
the two flanges).

65
 Beam column members
• Column that subject to flexural forces
(bending moments) in addition to axial
forces.
• Usually designed with I shaped section
• Similar to concrete columns (used r/f steel
to resist additional bending moments.)

66
Thank you…..
67