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A. THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS
1. Individual
Level

Since businesses are run by people, the ethical

standards of individuals in the business are an
important consideration. Individuals may well have
a very different set of ethical standards from their
employer and this can lead to tensions. Factors
such as peer pressure, personal financial position,
and socio-economic status all may influence
individual ethical standards. Managers and
business owners should be aware of this to
manage potential conflicts.
A. THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS
2. Organizational
Level
At a company or corporate level, ethical standards
are embedded in the policies and procedures of
the organization, and form an important
foundation on which business strategy is built.
These policies derive from the influences felt at
macro level and therefore help a business to
respond to changing pressures in the most
effective way. There can be a gap between the
company policy on ethical standards and the
conduct of those in charge of running the
business, especially if they are not the direct
owners, which can present an ethical challenge for
some employees.
A. THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS
3. Systematic
Level
At a macro level, sometimes called the systematic
level, ethics are defined and influenced by the wider
operating environment in which the company exists.
Factors such as political pressures, economic
conditions, societal attitudes to certain businesses,
and even business regulation can influence a
company’s operating standards and policies.
Business owners and managers must be aware of
how these pressures affect operations and
relationships, and how they may impact on market
locally, nationally and internationally.
A. THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS
B. FOUNDATION OF MORALITY

is the power or right to act, speak, or

think as one wants without hindrance or
restraint. It is foundation of morality
because we people have its own freedom
and there are no limits onto it. And that is
the main reason why freedom is based on
the moral act, is to just give a limit to the
people, limit to know what would be the
right or wrong decision to be made.
B. FOUNDATION OF MORALITY
Different Types of
Freedom
 Freedom to be alive

 Freedom of association

 Freedom of belief
 Freedom of speech
 Freedom to express oneself
 Freedom to press
 Freedom to choose one’s state life

 Freedom to talking to each other

 Freedom of religion
 Freedom from bondage and slavery
B. FOUNDATION OF MORALITY

moral responsibility is the

status of morally deserving
praise, blame, reward or
punishment for an act or
omission performed or
neglected in accordance
with one’s moral
obligations. Deciding what
counts as “morally
obligatory” is a principal
concern of ethics.
C. MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR MORALITY

Ethical reasoning is the ability to identify,

asses, and develop ethical arguments from a
variety of ethical positions. Ethical questions
concern judgments of right and wrong, good
and bad, as well as matters of justice, fairness,
virtue and social responsibility.

Reason is a suitable way of knowing for ethical

decisions when one does not wish to question
their perception of an issue. It proves useful
when consequences are considered while
understanding an issue. Reason lacks the
attachment that emotion carries, it has the
ability to remain detached from a situation.
C. MINIMUM REQUIREMENT FOR MORALITY

is a principle of justice
holding that decisions
should be based on
objective criteria, rather
than on the basis if bias,
prejudice, or preferring the
benefit to one person over
another for improper
reasons.
Element of ethics that states that we must treat
equals equally. Dominance of Moral Norms.
Element of ethics that states that moral norms
seems to stand out above all other norms in a
society.
A. FEELINGS AND MORAL DECISION-MAKING
1. Feelings as instinctive and trained response to moral
dilemmas
Emotions that is to say feelings
and intuitions play a major role in
most of the ethical decisions
people make. Most people do not
realize how much their emotions
direct their moral choices. But
expert think it is impossible to
make any important moral
judgments without emotions.
 A. FEELINGS AND MORAL DECISION-MAKING
Why they can be obstacles to making the right
decisions?

Emotions can affect not just the

nature of decision, but the speed
at which you make it. Anger can
lead to impatience, and rash
decision-making. If you’re excited,
you might make quick decisions
without considering the
implications, as you surf the wave
of confidence, and optimism about
the future. While if you feel afraid,
your decisions may be clouded by
uncertainty, and caution, and it
might take you longer to choose.
 
A. FEELINGS AND MORAL DECISION-MAKING

How they can help in making the right

decisions?
Both emotion, and logic have a role to play in
helping us make positive decisions. If we
understand where our emotions come from,
and start to notice how they effect our thinking
and behavior, we can practice managing our
response, and learn to make better choices.
B. REASON AND IMPARTIALITY AS MINIMUM
REQUIREMENTS FOR MORALITY
Reason and Impartiality
defined
Reason – moral reasoning is a study in psychology
that overlaps with moral philosophy. Starting from a
young age, people can make moral decisions about
what is right and wrong; this makes morality
fundamental to the human condition. Moral
reasoning, however, is part of morality that occurs
both within and between individuals.
Impartiality - the plausibility of identifying the moral
point of view with the impartial point of view, or of
defining morality in terms of an impartial observer,
presumably lies in the thought that such views
capture idea that morally speaking, every person is
equally important.
 B. REASON AND IMPARTIALITY AS MINIMUM
REQUIREMENTS FOR MORALITY
The 7-Step moral
reasoning model
1. What are the relevant facts?
2. What are the ethical issues?
3. Who are the primary stakeholders?
4. What are the possible alternatives?
5. What are the ethics of the alternatives?
6. What are the practical constraints?
7. What action should be taken?
 C. MORAL COURAGE
Springing from ethics – notably
integrity, responsibility, compassion,
and forgiveness- moral courage is
the quality of mind or spirit that
enables a person to withstand
danger, difficulty, or fear; persevere;
and venture. Comprehensively, it is
a willful, intentional act, executed
after mindful deliberation, involving
objective substantial risk to the
bearer, and primarily motivated to
bring about a noble good or worthy
end despite, perhaps, the presence
of the emotion moral
Operationally, of fear.
courage entails; (1) discerning what is
right or wrong; (2) acting on what one has discerned, even at
a personal cost; and (3) saying openly that one is acting on
one’s understanding of right and wrong.
 C. MORAL COURAGE
1. Why the will is as important as reason?

Moral courage helps us

address ethical issues and
take action when doing the
right things is not easy.
Moral courage involves the
willingness to speak out
and do what is right in the
face of forces that would
lead us to act in some
other way.
C. MORAL COURAGE

2. Developing the will

Develop and practice self-discipline.

One way to develop moral courage and will is to

develop and practice self-discipline. The concept self-
discipline involves the rejection of instant gratification
in favor of something better.
Developing will and moral courage involves developing
self-control. It includes nurturing the ability to stick to
actions, thoughts, and behavior, which lead to moral
improvement and success. It encompasses endowing
the inner strength to focus all the energy on a moral
goal and preserve until it is accomplished.
C. MORAL COURAGE

2. Developing the will

Do mental strength training.

This method is never reserved for a few special

people. One of the most simple and effective
methods under the mental strength training
involves declining to satisfy unimportant and
unnecessary desires.
C. MORAL COURAGE

2. Developing the will

Draw inspiration from people of great
courage.

People usually admire and respect courageous

persons who have won great success by
manifesting self-discipline and will power. These
include people in all walks of life, who with sheer
will power and moral courage, overcame difficulties
and hardships, have improved their moral life,
advanced on the spiritual or moral path, and
became worthy of limitation.
 
 
C. MORAL COURAGE

2. Developing the will

Repeatedly do acts that exhibit moral

courage and will.

Practice makes perfect. If one wishes to

nurture the moral courage and will in him, he
must strive doing the acts that manifest them
whenever opportunity allows it.
C. MORAL COURAGE

2. Developing the will

Avoid deeds that show lack of moral

courage and will.

This involves evading acts that show

irresponsibility, cowardice, apathy, rashness,
imprudence, ill will, and wickedness.
 
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