PSG COLLEGE OF

TECHNOLOGY
SEMI CONDUCTOR DEVICES

TOPIC: OPTO ELECTRONIC DEVICES-LED

Arul virumbi.K (19E601)

Asswin.M (19E602)
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CONTENTS
• Optoelectronic devices
• What is LED??
• Working principle
• Electroluminescence in led
• Materials used in leds
• Energy band gap of material
• Infra red led
• White leds
• Led applications
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OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES:

• Optoelectronic devices are primarily transducers i.e. they can

convert one energy form to another.
• These devices produce light by expending electrical energy.
They can also detect light and  transform light signals to
electrical signals for processing by a computer.
• Examples of optoelectronic devices include
telecommunication laser, blue laser, optical fiber, LED traffic
lights, photo diodes and solar cells.

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WHAT IS LED??

• As is evident from its name, LED (Light Emitting Diode) is

basically a small light emitting device that comes under
“active” semiconductor electronic components.
• It’s quite comparable to the normal general purpose
diode, with the only big difference being its capability to
emit light in different colors.
• The two terminals (anode and cathode) of a LED when
connected to a voltage source in the correct polarity,
may produce lights of different colors, as per the
semiconductor substance used inside it

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WORKING PRINCIPLE:

• The light-emitting diode is a diode that gives off visible or invisible (infrared) light
when energized. In any forward-biased p – n junction there is, within the structure
and primarily close to the junction, a recombination of holes and electrons.
• This recombination requires that the energy possessed by the unbound free
electrons be transferred to another state. In all semiconductor p – n junctions
some of this energy is given off in the form of heat and some in the form of
photons.
• Through other combinations of elements a coherent visible light can be generated.

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ELECTROLUMINESCENCE IN LED:

• When a suitable voltage is applied to the

leads, electrons are able to recombine with
electron holes within the device, releasing
energy in the form of photons. This effect is
called electroluminescence.

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MATERIALS USED IN LEDS:
• In Si and Ge diodes the greater percentage of the energy converted during
recombination at the junction is dissipated in the form of heat within the
structure, and the emitted light is insignificant.
• For this reason, silicon and germanium are not used in the construction of
LED devices.

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ENERGY BAND GAP OF MATERIAL:
• GaAs with its higher energy gap of 1.43 eV made it suitable for electromagnetic radiation of visible light,
whereas Si at 1.1 eV resulted primarily in heat dissipation on recombination.
• The effect of this difference in energy gaps can be explained to some degree by realizing that to move an
electron from one discrete energy level to another requires a specific amount of energy. The amount of
energy involved is given by

•• Where,
 

• E g = joules (J) [1 eV = 1.6 x J]

• h = Planck’s constant = 6.626 J .s
• c =3x m/s
• = wavelength in meters 8
INFRA RED LED:
• Diodes constructed of GaAs emit light in the infrared (invisible) zone
during the recombination process at the p–n junction.
• Even though the light is not visible, infrared LEDs have numerous
applications where visible light is not a desirable effect. These include
security systems, industrial processing, optical coupling, safety controls
•  such as on garage door openers, and in home entertainment centers,
where the infrared light of the remote control is the controlling
element.
• The frequency spectrum for infrared light extends from about 100 THz
(T = tera = ) to 400 THz, with the visible light spectrum extending from
about 400 to 750 THz.
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WHITE LEDS:

• Assume an average forward-bias voltage of 5 V for blue and 4 V for

white LEDs at currents of 20 mA to initiate an analysis of networks
with these types of LEDs.
• white LEDs are constructed of a blue gallium nitride LED below a
film of yttriumaluminum garnet (YAG) phosphor. When the blue light
hits the phosphor, a yellow light is generated. The mix of this yellow
emission with that of the central blue LED forms a white light

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LED APPLICATIONS:

• The rugged characteristics of LED white light along with lifetimes that
exceed 25,000 hours
• Some have efficacy ratings as high as 135.7 lumens per watt, far
exceeding the 25 lumens per watt of a few years ago.
• Recently, LEDs are the common choice for flashlights and many high-
end automobiles due to the sharp intensity at lower dc power
requirements.
• In a seven segmet display ,by energizing the proper pins with a typical
5-V dc level, a number of the LEDs can be energized and the desired
numeral displayed.
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THE END

THANK YOU

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