Automatic Generation Control

(AGC)
 by

KIRTIMAN GODARA
M.TECH(Power Systems)
 Department of Electrical Engineering
DELHI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
 DELHI

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Outline
 Purpose and Overview of AGC
 Automatic Generation Control
(AGC)
 System modeling: control block
diagram
 AGC for single generator
 AGC for 2 generator
 AGC for multi generator
 Area Control Error (ACE)
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Purpose of AGC
To maintain power balance in the
system.
Make sure that operating limits
are not exceeded:-
◦ Generators limit
◦ Tie-lines limit
Make sure that system frequency
is constant (not change by load).

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Overview of AGC
Load is always changing.
To maintain power balance,
generators need to produce more
or less to keep up with the load.
When Gen < Load (Gen > Load),
generator speed and frequency
will drop (rise).
=> We use this generator speed
and frequency as control signals!
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3 Components of AGC
 Primary control
◦ Immediate (automatic) action to sudden change of
load.
◦ For example, reaction to frequency change.
 Secondary control
◦ To bring tie-line flows to scheduled.
◦ Corrective actions are done by operators.
 Economic dispatch
◦ Make sure that the units are scheduled in the most
economical way.
 This
presentation covers only primary and
secondary control of AGC.

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FUNDAMENTAL OF SPEED
GOVERNING
7
ISOCHRONOUS
GOVERNOR

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GOVERNOR WITH SPEED
DROP CHARACTERISTIC

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LOAD SHARING BY PARALLEL
UNITS
 Turbine and Generator Load
Model
Turbine Model
YE ( s ) Kt Pg ( s)
1  STt

Generator load model

PD ( s )
-
Kp F ( s )
Pg ( s ) +
1  STp

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 AGC for Single
Generator
closed loop power control system
as below.

1
R PD ( s )
PC - Kg Kt -
Kp
+  1  sTg   1  sTT  +
Pg ( s ) 1  STp F ( s )

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AGC IN TWO AREA
 AGC FOR TWO
AREA
 AGC for Multi Generators: Block
Diagram
Change in tie-line
Pi power flow
PCi PMi + - i
GMi  s  GPi  s 
+
- -
PLi
1
Ri

1 1
GPi  s   GMi  s  
 ~
M i s  Di  1  sTGi 1  sTTi 

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AGC for Multi
Areas
 Simplified Control
Model
 Area Control Error
(ACE)

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AGC for Multi Areas
 During transient period, sudden change of load
causes each area generation to react according
to its frequency-power characteristics.
This is “called primary control”.
 This change also effects steady state frequency
and tie-line flows between areas.
 We need to
 Restore system frequency,
 Restore tie-line capacities to the scheduled value, and,
 Make the areas absorb their own load.
This is called “secondary control”.

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AGC for Multi
Generators
Consider effect of
◦ power flows in transmission lines,
and
◦ loads at each bus
to mechanical power of each
generator.
This analysis assumes that every
bus is a generator bus.

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Area Control Error (ACE)
Control setting power of each area
needs to be adjusted corresponding
to the change of scheduled tie-line
capacity and change of system
frequency.
ACE measures this balance, and is
given by,
ACE1  P12  B1
ACE2  P21  B2 
 1
Bi   DLi  
for two area case.  Ri 
WhereBi = Frequency bias setting of area i (>0) and
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 ACE: Tie-Line Bias Control
Use ACE to adjust setting controlPCi
power, , of each area.
Goal:
◦ To drive ACE in all area to zero.
◦ To send appropriate signal to setting
control
P power,
Ci

Use integrator controller so that

ACE goes to zero at steady state.

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 Simplified Control Model
 Generators are grouped into control areas.
 Consider
 An area as one generator in single area, and,
 Tie-lines between areas as transmission lines
connecting buses in single area.
We can apply the same analysis to multi-
area!!
 However, we have to come up with
frequency-power characteristics of each
area.
 Actual application of this model is for
power pool operation.
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Power Pool Operation
Power pool is an interconnection of
the power systems of individual
utilities.
Each company operates
independently, BUT,
They have to maintain
◦ contractual agreement about power
exchange of different utilities, and,
◦ same system frequency.
Basic rules
◦ Maintain scheduled tie-line capacities.
◦ Each area absorbs its own load changes.
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