CHEMICAL BOND

&
MOLECULAR
GEOMETRY
 SUMMARY OF LAST WEEK
Types of bonding
• Ionic bond: transfer of electron(s)
• Covalent bond: sharing of electron(s)

Types of compounds
• Ionic compounds: metals + nonmetals
• Covalent compounds: between metals

Naming of compounds
• Ions: cations, anions, oxoanions
• Ionic compounds
• Covalent compounds: 4 rules
 SUMMARY OF LAST WEEK
Quantum numbers: n, l, ml and ms
 n: determines the energy of the “orbital”

 l: determines the shape of the orbital

( l= 0, 1,…..n-1);
l= 0 is “s”, l=1 is “p”, l=2 is “d” etc

 m (or ml):
determines the orientation of the “orbital”;
m= -l,…,0,…,+l;
therefore: 1s orbital, 3p orbital, 5d orbital

 ms: describes the spin of the electron,

 SUMMARY OF LAST WEEK
Multi-electron configuration:
 Pauli Exclusion Principle:
no 2 electrons in an atom may be in the same
quantum state (n,l,ml,ms)

 Aufbau Principle:
electrons adopt the lowest possible energy

 Shielding:
orbitals of equal n nearest the nucleus have
lowest energy

 Hund’s Rule:
in orbitals, electrons prefer to be unpaired first
 THIS WEEK

PART 1: CHEMICAL BOND

Highlight: CONCEPTS

• Covalent bond  Valence electron

 Lewis dot formula
• Ionic bond
 Electronegativity
• Metallic bond  Polar, non polar bond
 Polarity
 Dipole, dipole moment
 THIS WEEK

PART 2: MOLECULAR SHAPE

CONCEPTS
Highlight:
 How to draw a LEWIS
• Lewis structure structure
• Octet rule  Octet rule
 VSEPR (Valence-Shell
• Molecular Electron Pair Repulsion)
geometry theory
 Determine the molecular
shape by VSEPR
 THIS WEEK

PART 1: CHEMICAL BOND

Highlight: CONCEPTS

• Covalent bond  Valence electron

 Lewis dot formula
• Ionic bond
 Electronegativity
• Metallic bond  Polar, non polar bond
 Polarity
 Dipole, dipole moment
 IONIC COMPOUNDS

NiCl2.6H2O K2Cr2O7 CoCl2.6H2O

NaCl
CuSO4.5H2O
 COVALENT COMPOUNDS

H2 O CO2 CH4 C2H5OH

(water) (carbon (methane) (ethyl
dioxide) alcohol)
Light bulb experiment
Why are the properties of a substance
different from another ?

• Properties of an atom depend on the

electron configuration and the strength of
the nucleus-electron attractions

Similarly,

• Properties of a substance depend on the

type and strength of chemical bonds
 CHEMICAL BONDS
the forces that hold the atoms of elements
together in compounds
 CHEMICAL BONDS
the forces that hold the atoms of elements
together in compounds

Highlight:
• Ionic bond: metals and nonmetals
• Covalent bond: nonmetals and nonmetals
• Metallic bond: metal with metal
3 types of bondings
To understand bonding, we should know:

• Valence electrons
• How to draw Lewis formula
• Octet rule
Does electron configuration has any effect on
chemical bond?

YES. But only the electrons at outer most

shell will determine bonding

Numbers
They are and
called
arrangements
valence electrons
of valence
electrons determine:
• chemical and physical properties of
elements
• kinds of chemical bonds
Electron configuration:

Valence electrons: the outer most electrons

of atoms
11
Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 valence electrons: 1
8
O: 1s2 2s2 2p4 valence electrons: 6

Numbers and arrangements of valence

electrons determine:
• chemical and physical properties of
elements
• kinds of chemical bonds
Electron configuration:

Valence electrons: the outer most electrons

of atoms
11
Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 valence electrons: 1
8
O: 1s2 2s2 2p4 valence electrons: 6

Numbers and arrangements of valence

electrons determine:
• chemical and physical properties of
elements
• kinds of chemical bonds
Lewis formulas (Lewis dot formulas): to
describe the valence electrons

Na: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 valence electron: 1

11
Na•

••
O: 1s 2s 2p
8 2 2 4
valence electrons: 6 • O ••
•

Only valence electrons of s and p orbitals:

shown in dots
Number of valence electrons of GROUP A =
group number
-Use Lewis symbol to express valence electrons
-It’s easy to write the Lewis symbol for any main-
group element:

1. Note its A-group number (1A to 8A), which equals

the number of valence electrons.
2. Place one dot at a time on the four sides (top,
right, bottom, left) of the element symbol.
3. Keep adding dots, pairing the dots until all are
used up.

Now, can you quickly write the Lewis symbol of all

elements in group 6A?
The Lewis symbol provides information about
an element’s bonding behavior:

• For a metal,
the total number of dots = the maximum
number of electrons an atom loses to form
a cation.

•• ••
Na• Ca Al •
The Lewis symbol provides information about
an element’s bonding behavior:

• For a nonmetal,
the number of unpaired dots equals
 either the number of electrons an atom
gains in becoming an anion
 or the number it shares in forming covalent
bonds.
••
• O
•
••
3 types of bonding: a closer look
IONIC BONDING

•Ionic bonding: forms between

atoms with LARGE differences in
their tendencies to lose or gain
electrons.

•These differences results in

transfer of electron from one
atom to another in large numbers
to form a compound.
 IONIC BONDING

Normally, ionic bonding forms between

reactive metals and nonmetals

Reactive metals: Nometals

Group 1A
&
Group 2A
+ Group 7A
&
the top of group 6A

low ionisation very negative

energy  easily affinity  easily
loses e- attract e-
•The electrostatic attraction of the ions draw them
into a 3D array of an ionic solid
 STRENGTH OF IONIC BOND
The strength of ionic bonds depends on:
Charges & Sizes

Coulomb’s Law:

Proportional to
q: Charge(s) of the ion(s)
d: Distance between ions
 Ions with higher charges and smaller sizes
will attract each other stronger

Higher charges  q +, q - increase  F increases

Smaller sizes D decreases  F increases

COVALENT BONDING
• Covanlent bonding: forms
between atoms with small
differences in their
tendencies to lose or gain
electrons.
 COVALENT BONDING
• Normally, covalent bonding forms between
nonmetals.

• Each nonmetal has

 HIGH ionisation energy: hold onto its own
electrons tightly
 HIGHLY negative electron affinity:
attract electrons from others

• The attraction of each nucleus & valence

electron: draw atoms close to each other
METALLIC BONDING
•Metals: can easily loose
electron at outer shell
• Electron pool
• Electrostatic attraction
3 types of bonding
 Ionic bonding
 Covalent bonding
 Metallic bonding

MODELS OF BONDING
 Model of ionic bonding
 Model of covalent bonding
3 types of bonding
 Ionic bonding
 Covalent bonding
 Metallic bonding

MODELS OF BONDING
 Model of ionic bonding
 Model of covalent bonding
 COVALENT BONDING

Why does covalent bonding form?

Key concepts
• Covalent bonding
• Shared and unshared pair
• Bond energy and bond length
• Bond polarity
• Dipole moment
COVALENT BONDING of H2
 COVALENT BONDING

the atoms are

too far apart to
attract each
other.

each nucleus
attracts
the other
repulsions increase
atom’s electron.
the system’s
energy and force The combination of nucleus-electron
the atoms apart to attractions and electron-electron and
point 3 again. nucleus repulsions gives the minimum energy
of the system.
 COVALENT BONDING

Distribution of electron density

 COVALENT BONDING

Covalent bonding : results from sharing one or

more pair electrons between atoms

Valence electron(s): participate in covalent bonding

When can a covalent bond be formed?

Covalent bonding occurs when the electronegativity

difference, (∆EN), between elements (atoms) is zero
or relatively small.
 BOND PAIR & LONE PAIR

• Shared or bond pair (electron pairs)

• Unshared or lone pair

SHARED SHARE
Unshared Unshare
D d
 BOND PAIR & LONE PAIR

• Shared or bond pair (electron pairs)

• Unshared or lone pair

SHARED SHARED
Unshared Unshared
 BOND PAIR & LONE PAIR

• Bonding pair (electron pair): Bonding pair A

pair of electrons involved in a covalent bond.
Also called shared pair.

• Lone pair: A pair of electrons residing on one

atom and not shared by other atoms; unshared
pair.
 FORMATION OF COVALENT BOND

H• + • H H ••H
or H-H
•• ••
H + •F•
• • •• HF•• ••
••

or H-F
Covalent bonding : results from sharing one or
more pair electrons between atoms
 BOND TYPES
Single covalent bond: two atoms share one electron
pair.  SINGLE BOND

Double covalent bond: two atoms share two electron

pairs.  DOUBLE BOND

Triple covalent bond: two atoms share three electron

pairs.  TRIPLE BOND
BOND ENERGY AND BOND LENGTH
 BOND ENERGY AND BOND LENGTH

•The strength of a covalent bond depends on the

magnitude of the mutual attraction between bonded
nuclei and shared electrons.

•The bond energy (BE) (also called bond enthalpy or

bond strength) is the energy required to overcome
this attraction.
 BOND ENERGY AND BOND LENGTH

• Bond energies depend on characteristics of

the bonded atoms
 their electron configurations,
 nuclear charges
 atomic radii

• A covalent bond has a bond length, the

distance between the nuclei of two bonded
atoms.
Bond Energy and Bond Length
Energy: (kJ) average bond energy
Length: (pm) average bond length
BOND LENGTH AND ATOMIC RADIUS
Energy: (kJ) average bond energy
Length: (pm) average bond length

Within a series of similar

molecules, such as the
diatomic halogen molecules,
bond length increases as
covalent radius increases
 BOND STRENGTH, LENGTH AND BOND
TYPE
Between single bond, double bond and triple
bond
• Bond length:
single bond > double bond > triple bond

• Bond strength:
single bond < double bond < triple bond
 BOND STRENGTH, LENGTH AND BOND
TYPE
Remember: the longer the length
the lower the bond energies
the lower the bond STRENGTH

Another example:
Trend atomic size: I > Br > Cl
Lets compare: C-I > C-Br> C-Cl
How the Model Explains the Properties of
Covalent Substances

• The covalent bonding model proposes that

electron sharing between pairs of atoms leads
to strong, localized bonds, usually within
individual molecules.

• Most covalent substances have low electrical

conductivity because electrons are localized
and ions are absent.
How the Model Explains the Properties of
Covalent Substances

• The covalent bonding model proposes that

electron sharing between pairs of atoms leads
to strong, localized bonds, usually within
individual molecules.

• Most covalent substances have low electrical

conductivity because electrons are localized
and ions are absent.
Pentane
How the Model Explains the Properties of
Covalent Substances

• Substances that consist of separate

molecules are generally soft and low melting
because of the weak forces between
molecules.

• Solids held together by covalent bonds

extending throughout the sample are
extremely hard and high melting.
 COVALENT BONDING

Key concepts
 Covalent bonding
 Shared and unshared pair
 Bond energy and bond length
 Electronegativity
 Bond polarity
 Dipole moment
 BONDING

The ionic and covalent bonding models portray

compounds as being formed by either complete
electron transfer or complete electron
sharing.

Questions: are all ionic bonds are 0% covalent?

YES
Questions: are all covalent bonds are 0% ionic?
Let’s learn about electronegativity?
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

One of the most important concepts in

chemical bonding is electronegativity (EN).

(EN), the relative ability of a bonded atom to

attract the shared electrons.

Electronegativity different from electron affinity

(EA),
• Electronegativity refers to a bonded atom
attracting the shared electron pair;
• Electron affinity refers to a separate atom in
the gas phase gaining an electron to form a
gaseous anion.
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY
•There are also trends in electronegativity in the
periodic table

• Electronegativity is inversely related to atomic size.

Atomic size decreases

 nucleus of a bonded atom attract more SHARED
electrons
 electronegativity increases

•For the main-group elements,

 electronegativity generally increases up a group
and across a period.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 POLAR AND NONPOLAR
COVALENT BONDS
Questions: are all covalent bonds are 0% ionic?
YES in NONPOLAR BOND
NO in POLAR BOND

Because:
Difference in ELECTRONEGATIVITY affect
an electrostatic (charge) contribution

Let’s have a look at:

H-H and H-F

 H-H or H : H
• Both H atoms have the
samePOLAR
electronegativity
COVALENT
 electrons
BOND: spend equal
amount
Theofelectron
time near each
pair is
H nucleaus
shared unequally
the electron density is
SYMETRICAL
 The electron pair is
NONPOLAR shared equally
COVALENT BOND: •  this covalent bond is
NONPOLAR
The covalent bonds in ALL homonuclear
diatomic molecules must be nonpolar.

H2, O2, N2, F2 and Cl2

Now consider heteronuclear diatomic

molecules: HF

H-F or H : F
 • H and F are two
different atoms
different
electronegativity
 uneven electron
density
 polar

• The electron pair

POLAR COVALENT is shared unequally
BOND • Asymetric
electron density
 POLAR AND NONPOLAR
COVALENT BONDS

Different distribution of electron density

POLARITY: indicate how polar a compound is

one way to indicate polarity

Partial Partial
positive negative
charge charge

Another way to indicate polarity

Compare POLARITY?
Which on is more polar?
HF HCl HBr HI

The higher the difference in EN  the more

polar a compound  the higher polarity
• The separation of charge in a polar covalent bond
creates an electric dipole.

We can express bond polarities on a numerical scale

as dipole moment

DIPOLE MOMENT µ

d: distance of separation
q: charge
 DIPOLE MOMENT

Different distribution of electron density

DIPOLE MOMENT
What happened if we put a polar compound in
an electric field?

FIELD OFF FIELD ON

So WE understood:
• Covalent bonding : polar and nonpolar bond
• Electronegativity: is the attraction of
electron more toward a bonded atom
• Difference in EN causes a bond polar
• Polarity can be expressed in number by a
value called DIPOLE MOMENT
Question: is the polarity of a bond the same as a
molecule containing that bond?
• Dipole moments only associated with
individual bonds

The polarity of the entire molecules depends

on MOLECULAR SHAPE (GEOMETRY)  next
part
 COVALENT BONDING

SUMMARY

Key concepts
• Covalent bonding
• Shared and unshared pair
• Bond energy and bond length
• Bond polarity
• Dipole moment
 THIS WEEK

PART 2: MOLECULAR SHAPE

CONCEPTS
Highlight:
 Octet rule
• Lewis structure  How to draw a LEWIS
• Octet rule structure
 VSEPR (Valence-Shell
• Molecular Electron Pair Repulsion)
geometry theory
 Determine the molecular
shape by VSEPR
 MOLECULAR SHAPE (GEOMETRY)
We will know to explain the geometries of the
molecules in term of their electronic
structures.
Molecular geometry:
• the general shape of a molecules
• determined by relative positions of the
atomic nuclei
To see what a molecule look like:
• Know the molecular formula
• 2D structure with Lewis dot formula:
 the position of bonding pair,
 the position of lone pair
 central atom
 should know the OCTET RULE
LEWIS FORMULAS FOR MOLECULES
LEWIS FORMULAS FOR POLYATOMIC IONS

An example: NH4+
 OCTET RULE
In most of their compounds, the representative
elements achieve noble gas configuration

OCTET RULE: elements tend to reach a maximum 8

electrons in the outermost shell - lowest
energy/stable configuration (Except for H: 2
electrons)

••
H •F
• ••
••

This rule is not always correct, there are some

exceptions
 OCTET RULE
In most of their compounds, the representative
elements achieve noble gas configuration

OCTET RULE: elements tend to reach a maximum 8

electrons in the outermost shell - lowest
energy/stable configuration (Except for H: 2
electrons)

•••
H ••F •
••

How can we calculate the number of shared

electrons in a compound?
How can we calculate the number of shared electrons
in a compound?

S= N - A
S: number of shared electrons
N: the total number of valence electrons needed by
all the atoms in the molecule or ion to achieve noble
gas configurations

N = 8 numbers of atoms that are not H +

2 number of H atoms

A: the number of valence electrons of all of the

atoms. (so it should be the group number?)
Some examples?

HF: N = 8×1 (1 atom F) + 2×1 (1 atom H) = 10

A = 7×1 (1 atom F) + 1×1 (1 atom H) = 8
S = N-A = 10-8 = 2 e- shared ••
HF
•• ••
••

CO2: N = 8×2 (2 atom O) + 8×1 (1 atom C) = 24

A = 6×2 (2 atom O) + 4×1 (1 atom C) = 16
S = N-A = 24-16 = 8 e- shared
Some examples?
H2O: N=
A=
S=

NH4+: N =

A=
S=
 How to draw a Lewis structure
with single bonds
Step 1 Select a skeleton for molecules or ions

Step 2 Calculate the shared electrons (S)

Put the shared electrons into

Step 3
the skeleton

Step 4 Put the unshared electrons into

the skeleton to fulfill Octet rule
 How to
How to draw
draw aa Lewis
Lewisstructure
structure
with single bonds
Step 1 Select a skeleton for molecules or ions

A) The least electronegative element is

usually the central element
B) Oxygen atoms do not bond to each other:
don’t put them close to one another
C) Hydrogen usually bonds to an O atom, not
to the central atom
D) For ions or molecules that have more than
one central atom, the most symmetrical
skeletons possible are used.
 How to draw a Lewis structure

Step 1 Select a skeleton for molecules or ions

A) The least electronegative element is

usually the central element
E.g. : CS2 S C S

B) Oxygen atoms do not bond to each other:

don’t put them close to one another
E.g. : SO4- O Some exceptions:
a) O2 and O3
O S O b) Peroxides : O22-;
O c) Superoxides: O2-
 How to
How to draw
draw aa Lewis
Lewisstructure
structure
with single bonds
Step 1 Select a skeleton for molecules or ions
C) Hydrogen usually bonds to an O atom, not
to the central atom Some exceptions:
H3PO3 and H3PO2

E.g. : Nitrous acid HNO2  H O N O

D) For ions or molecules that have more than

one central atom, the most symmetrical
skeletons possible are used.
 How to
How to draw
Some examples: drawaaaLewis
draw Lewisstructure
structure of
structure
with single bonds
a) H2SO4 b) ClO4 c)NO3
a) H2SO4

Step 1: Draw a skeleton O

H O S O H
O
Step 2: Calculate number of shared electrons
N= 8×4 (4O) + 8×1 (1S) + 2×2 (2H) = 44
A= 6×4 (4O) + 6×1 (1S) + 1×2 (1H) = 32
Number of shared electrons:
S= N-A = 12 e-
a) H2SO4

Step 3: put the shared e- in the skeleton

Step 4: put the unshared e- in the skeleton

..
.. ..
..
..

.. ..
..
..
..
Some examples: draw a Lewis structure of
a) H2SO4 b) ClO4- c)NO3-
 How to draw a Lewis structure
with MULTIPLE bonds
Step 1 Select a skeleton for molecules or ions

Step 2 Calculate the shared electrons (S)

Put the shared electrons into the
Step 3
skeleton
Put the unshared electrons into the
skeleton to fulfill Octet rule
Sometimes after step 4, a central atom does not have
an octet: MAKE MULTIPLE BOND by changing a lone
pair into a bonding pair
change 1 pair: from single bond to double
change 2 pairs: double to triple
 How to draw a Lewis structure
with MULTIPLE bonds
Sometimes after step 4, a central atom does not have
an octet: MAKE MULTIPLE BOND by changing a lone
pair into a bonding pair
change 1 pair: from single bond to double
change 2 pairs: double to triple

After STEP 4:

Move a
lone pair to
bonding
pair
 How to draw a Lewis structure
Practice: draw a Lewis structure of some
hydrocarbon
CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2

Lewis structures for Exceptions to the Octet

Rule: self-study, further reading in Principle of
General Chemistry.
 RESONANCE
Sometimes, there COULD be 2 Lewis structure for 1
molecule

They are not correct structure; the bonds should be

between O-O and O=O
 “one-and-a-half” bond

Resonance structures
 RESONANCE: DELOCALISATION
Resonance structures

• Resonance structures are not real bonding,

 so to depict something in between, RESONANCE
HYBRID is used.

In Resonance hybrid, electron-pair delocalisation

occur
 RESONANCE: DELOCALISATION
Another example of electron-pair
delocalisation
 PART 2: MOLECULAR SHAPE
CONCEPTS
Highlight:
 Octet rule
• Lewis structure  How to draw a LEWIS
• Octet rule structure
 VSEPR (Valence-Shell
• Molecular Electron Pair Repulsion)
geometry theory
 Determine the
molecular shape by VSEPR
 MOLECULAR SHAPE (GEOMETRY)

VSEPR MODEL : the valence-shell electron-

pair repulsion.
SHAPE

VALENCE BOND THEORY

BONDING
 MOLECULAR SHAPE (GEOMETRY)

• The valence-shell electron-pair repulsion model

(VSEPR) can be used to construct the molecule
shape from Lewis structure.

• VSEPR THEORY: each group of valence electrons

around a CENTRAL ATOM is located as far away as
possible from the others in order to minimize
repulsions.

• Electron group: regions around the central atom

where electrons are likely to be found
 MOLECULAR SHAPE (GEOMETRY)
Electron group: regions around the central
atom where electrons are likely to be found
• So valence electron groups can be:
 Single bond
 Double bond
 Triple bond
 A lone pair
 Or even a lone electron

• Each group REPEL each other to minimise

energy  increase BOND ANGLE
 MOLECULAR SHAPE (GEOMETRY)
Is the structure of a covalent compound is
ALWAYS flat?

NO, because there are repulsion between

bond pair/ lone pair

• According the valence-shell electron-pair

repulsion theory (VSEPR), these repulsions
give rise to 5 geometric arrangements.

VSEPR MODEL
 MOLECULAR SHAPE (GEOMETRY)
5 geometric arrangements

Valence electron groups defy the arrangement

Bond angle: is the angle formed by the nuclei
of two surrounding atoms with the nucleus of
the central atom at the vertex (top of angle).
 MOLECULAR SHAPE (GEOMETRY)
• The valence-shell electron-pair repulsion model
(VSEPR) can be used to predict the shape of an ABn
molecule when A is a main group element.

AXnE
where A = central atom, main group element
X = outer atom(s), E: lone pair(s)
n = # of “B” atoms
 MOLECULAR SHAPE (GEOMETRY)
• So remember we have 5 molecular shape
 Linear Arrangement
• The molecular shape with 2 electron groups

• 2 electron groups are

as far apart as each
other
• Linear arrangement of
electron groups
 Linear shape
 bond angle of 180o
 Linear Arrangement
• The molecular shape with 2 electron groups
• Gaseous Beryllium Chloride (BeCl2)

• Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Remember: only electron groups around

CENTAL atom influence shape
 Trigonal planar Arrangement
• The molecular shape with 3 electron groups

• 3 electron groups repel

each other
• Trigonal arrangement of
electron groups
 Trigonal planar shape
 bond angle of 120o
• Electron groups can be:
bonds (single and double)
and lone pair
 Trigonal planar Arrangement
• The molecular shape with 3 electron groups
• Boron trifluoride (BF3)

• The nitrate ion (NO3-)

 Trigonal planar Arrangement
• The molecular shape with 3 electron groups
• Boron trifluoride (BF3)

• The nitrate ion (NO3-)

 Trigonal planar Arrangement

• The bond angel change when 3 electron groups are

not identical:
 If one of them is a DOUBLE BOND
 If one of them is a LONE PAIR

• Let’s examine
 The effect of double bond on bond
angle
 The effect of a lone pair on bond angle
 Trigonal planar Arrangement

 The effect of double bond on bond angle

 Example: formaldehyde (CH2O)

The actual bond angles deviate from the ideal

because
• the double bond with its greater electron density
 repels the two single bonds more strongly than
they repel each other.
 Trigonal planar Arrangement
The effect of lone pair on bond angle
 When one of the groups is a lone pair, the
shape is BENT, or V-shaped
 A lone pair can have a major effect on bond
angle
Gaseous
tin(II)
chloride
a lone pair repels bonding pairs more strongly than
bonding pairs repel each other.
 This stronger repulsion decreases the angle
between bonding pairs.
 Tetrahedral Arrangement
• The molecular shape with 4 electron groups
 Tetrahedral Arrangement
• The molecular shape with 4 electron groups
• With 4 electron groups  the molecule
shape is in 3D.
• So, Lewis structures do not depict all shape
• Consider: Methane (CH4)

All molecules or ions with four electron groups around

a central atom adopt the tetrahedral arrangement
Tetrahedral Arrangement
Tetrahedral Arrangement

Example: NH3
Tetrahedral Arrangement

Example: H2O
 Tetrahedral Arrangement: BOND ANGLE
BOND ANGLE

< <
Electron-pair repulsions cause deviations from
ideal bond angles in the following order:
 Trigonal bibyramidal Arrangement
• The molecular shape with 5 electron groups

• Examples
can be
found in
text
books
 Octahedral Arrangement
• The molecular shape with 6 electron groups
VSEPR MODEL: MORE EXAMPLES
STEPS TO DETERMINE
A MOLECULAR SHAPE by VESPR MODEL
• We understood how VESPR works for the
molecule shape
• Now we learn to apply the model and
determine a molecule shape from a molecular
formula
STEPS TO DETERMINE A MOLECULAR SHAPE by
VESPR MODEL

Step 1 Write the LEWIS structure

Choose suitable: Count the number of

Step 2 electron group then choose shape

Predict the ideal bond angle

Step 3
+ the direction of any deviation

Step 4 Draw and name molecular shape

STEPS TO DETERMINE A MOLECULAR SHAPE by
VESPR MODEL
Example 1: PF3
Step 1 Step 2

Step 3 Step 4
MOLECULAR SHAPE & DIPOLE MOMENT

•So we now know that molecules have different

shapes
•The shape influence the overall dipole moment
COVALENT BOND THEORY
Self study /further reading!

Hybrid orbital interacts

Hybrid orbitals

Sigma and Pi bonds

 THIS WEEK

PART 1: CHEMICAL BOND

Highlight: CONCEPTS

• Covalent bond  Valence electron

 Lewis dot formula
• Ionic bond
 Electronegativity
• Metallic bond  Polar, non polar bond
 Polarity
 Dipole, dipole moment
 THIS WEEK

PART 2: MOLECULAR SHAPE

CONCEPTS
Highlight:
 How to draw a LEWIS
• Lewis structure structure
• Octet rule  Octet rule
 VSEPR (Valence-Shell
• Molecular Electron Pair Repulsion)
geometry theory
 Determine the molecular
shape by VSEPR