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Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Introduction
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
What Is An Operating System?
Lots of hardware !!
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Where is the software?
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The Operating System as an Extended
Machine
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
The Operating System as a Resource
Manager
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Operating System Concepts
Process
• Program in execution
• Lives in address space
• Process table
• Keeps info about process
• Used to re-start process
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
System Calls
• Interface between user programs and OS
• Varies from OS to OS
• System call issued by user program
• Call uses a library call of the same name
• Library routine puts machine into kernel modes
(by issuing a special instruction)
• Finds actual routine for system call in a table
• Does the work involved in the call
• Returns to user program
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
System Calls
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
System Calls
GALVIN – Chapter 1
Page: 19 and 46
Types of System Calls
Five major categories GALVIN – Chapter 2
Page: 47-54
Process control
end, abort
load, execute
create process, terminate process
get process attributes, set process attributes
wait for time
wait event, signal event
allocate and free memory
File manipulation
create file, delete file
open, close
read, write, reposition
get file attributes, set file attributes
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Types of System Calls
Device manipulation GALVIN – Chapter 2
Page: 47-54
request device, release device
read, write, reposition
get device attributes, set device attributes
logically attach or detach devices
Information maintenance
get time or date, set time or date
get system data, set system data
get process, file, or device attributes
set process, file, or device attributes
Communications
create, delete communication connection
send, receive messages
transfer status information
attach or detach remote devices
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Unix Read System Call
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
System Calls
Process ID 1 is usually the init process primarily responsible for starting and shutting down the
system.
If a parent process is killed, the child processes are shifted as the child of init process
Windows Win32 API
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Monolithic systems
Monolithic systems
Drawbacks
1) Size of kernel is huge.
2) Poor maintainability, which means bug fixing or
addition of new features resulted in recompilation of the
whole kernel which could consume hours
3) A crash in any of these procedures will take down the
entire operating system
Modern day approach:
> The kernel consists of different modules which can be
dynamically loaded and un-loaded.
> This modular approach allows easy extension of OS's
capabilities.
Monolithic systems
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Microkernels
• Minimizes effects of bugs *Galvin Chapter 2 , 2.7.3
• Don’t want bug in driver to crash system
• Ex: Network service crashes due to buffer overflow, then only the
networking service's memory would be corrupted, leaving the rest
of the system still functional.
• Reduces the kernel code size and increases the security and stability
of OS.
• Servers communicate through Inter-process communication / Message
passing
Microkernels can suffer from performance decreases due
• to increased system function overhead
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Microkernels
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Virtual Machines
Examples of
this type of hypervisor include
Type 1 hypervisors run on dedicated hardware. They require a management console and are used
in data centers. Examples of this type of hypervisor include Oracle OVM for SPARC, ESXi, Hyper-V
and KVM
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
** Did you hear about JVM ??
JVM attempts to abstract the hardware and machine itself so the developer doesn't
have to concern themselves with things like architecture type or platform. Software
built with Java should run on any platform that has the proper JVM version installed,
regardless of physical machine type.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Memory Layout
Processes have three segments:
text, data, and stack.
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639
Process
• Can communicate with one another
• Have UID’s and group ID’s (GID)
• Can communicate with one another (IPC)
Tanenbaum, Modern Operating Systems 3 e, (c) 2008 Prentice-Hall, Inc. All rights reserved. 0-13-6006639