POWER SYSTEM -2

LECTURE-1
TOPIC CONTAIN :-
• REACTIVE POWER AND
VOLTAGE CONTROL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PRESTIGE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH
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 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Reactive power
 Need for reactive power
 Need for reactive power compensation
 Shunt compensation
 Static VAR compensators (SVC)
 Static compensators (STATCOM)
 Conclusion
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 INTRODUCTION
Reactive power (VAR) compensation is defined as the
management of reactive power to improve the performance of ac
systems.
There are two aspects:-
a) Load Compensation –
The main objectives are to :-
i) increase the power factor of the system
ii) to balance the real power drawn from the system
iii) compensate voltage regulation
iv) to eliminate current harmonics

b) Voltage Support – The main purpose is to decrease the voltage

fluctuation at a given terminal of transmission line.
Therefore the VAR compensation improves the stability of ac
system by increasing the maximum active power that can be 3
WHAT IS REACTIVE POWER ?

Power is referred as the product of voltage and current

i.e. power = V x I

•The portion of electricity that establishes and sustains the electric

and magnetic fields of alternating-current equipment. Reactive
power must be supplied to most types of magnetic equipment,
such as motors and transformers.

•In an ac transmission, when the voltage and current go up and

down at the same time, only real power is transmitted and when
there is a time shift between voltage and current both active and
reactive power are transmitted.
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 WHY DO WE NEED REACTIVE
POWER?
In resistive loads the current produces the heat energy which
produces the desired output but incase of inductive loads the
current creates the magnetic field which further produces the
desired work. Therefore reactive power is the non working power
caused by the magnetic current to operate and sustain magnetism
in the device.

 Reactive power (VARS) is required to maintain the voltage to

deliver active power (watts)through transmission lines. When there
is not enough reactive power the voltage sags down and it is not
possible to deliver the required power to load through the lines.

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 NEED FOR REACTIVE POWER
COMPENSATION

Reactive power generated by the ac power source is stored in a

capacitor or a reactor during a quarter of a cycle and in the next
quarter of the cycle it is sent back to the power source. Therefore
the reactive power oscillates between the ac source and the
capacitor or reactor at a frequency equals to two times the rated
value (50 or 60 Hz). So to avoid the circulation between the load
and source it needs to be compensated .

 Also to regulate the power factor of the system and

maintain the voltage stability we need to compensate
reactive power .
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 METHODS OF REACTIVE POWER
COMPENSATION

• SHUNT COMPENSATION
• STATIC VAR COMPENSATORS
•STATCOM

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 SHUNT COMPENSATION
 When a device is connected in series with the
transmission line it is called a series compensator. A
series compensator can be connected anywhere in
the line.
 There are two modes of operation – capacitive
mode of operation and inductive mode of operation.
 A simplified model of a transmission system with
series compensation is shown in Figure .The voltage
magnitudes of the two buses are assumed equal as
V, and the phase angle between them is δ.

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STATIC VAR COMPENSATORS
 A static VAR compensator (or SVC) is an electrical
device for
providing reactive power on transmission networks. The
term
"static" refers to the fact that the SVC has no moving
parts (other
than circuit breakers and disconnects, which do not
move under
normal SVC operation).

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 The SVC is an automated impedance matching
device, designed to bring the system closer to unity
power factor. If the power system's reactive load is
capacitive(leading), the SVC will use
reactors(usually in the form of thyristor-Controlled
Reactors) to consume vars from the system,
lowering the system voltage.
 Under inductive (lagging) conditions, the
capacitor banks are automatically switched in, thus
providing a higher system voltage.
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 ADVANTAGES
a) Static VAR compensation is not done at line voltage; a
bank of transformers steps the transmission voltage (for
example, 230 kV) down to a much lower level (for example,
9.5 kV).This reduces the size and number of components.
b) They are more reliable .
c) Faster in operation .
d) Smoother control and more flexibility can be provided
with the help of thyristors.

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 STATIC COMPENSATOR
The devices use synchronous voltage sources for
generating or absorbing reactive power. A synchronous
voltage source (SVS) is constructed using a voltage
source converter (VSC). Such a shunt compensating
device is called static compensator or STATCOM .

 A STATCOM usually contains an SVS that is driven from a

dc storage capacitor and the SVS is connected to the ac
system bus through an interface transformer. The
transformer steps the ac system voltage down such that 12
STRUCTURE OF STATCOM

 Basically, the
STATCOM
system
is comprised of
:-
•Power
converters,
•Set of coupling
reactors or a
step-up
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 ADVANTAGES OF STATCOM
 The reactive components used in the STATCOM are
much smaller than those in the SVC.
 The characteristics of STATCOM are superior.
 The output current of STATCOM can be controlled up
to the rated maximum capacitive or inductive range.
 Reduction of the capacity of semiconductor power
converter and capacitor bank to one half of those for
the conventional SVC.
 Better transient response of the order of quarter
cycle.
 Reduction of harmonic filter capacity.
 Reduction of size of high value air-cored reactor.
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 CONCLUSION

 From all the previous discussion we can conclude

reactive power compensation is a must for
improving the performance of the ac system. By
reactive power compensation we can control the
power factor and reduce the consumption of
electricity.

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