Applied Physics

Lecture No. 1
Electric Force and its
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application

Instructor Name
Muhammad Ashad Baloch
 References Books

1. Fundamentals of Physics (Extended), 10th

edition, Resnick and Walker
2.Narciso Garcia, Arthur Damask, Steven
Schwarz., “Physics for Computer Science
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Students”, Springer Verlag, 1998 .

 What is Physics
The Branch of science concerned with the
nature and properties of matter and
energy.
E=mc2
which E represents units of energy,
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m represents units of mass, and c2 is the

speed of light squared,
matter of physics includes mechanics,
Solid, liquid, heat, light and other
radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism,
and the structure of atoms.
 What Are the Branches of
•
Physics?
Classical physics.
• Modern physics.
• Nuclear physics.
• Atomic physics.
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• Geophysics.
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• Biophysics.
• Mechanics.
• Acoustics
 What is Applied Physics
• Applied physics is intended for a
particular technological or practical use. It
is usually considered as a bridge or
connection between physics and
engineering.
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• Applied physics is rooted in the

fundamental truths and basic concepts of
the physical sciences but is concerned
with the utilization of these scientific
principles in practical devices and
systems.
• Applied Physics is basically Electrical
 Electric Force
• In physics, a force is an interaction
between two objects that has the ability to
change the motion of one or both of the
objects.
• One of the fundamental forces of the

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universe is the electric force. This is the
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force that exists between all charged

particles.
• The force which work between two or more
charges is called Electric force
 Electric Force and Types of
Charges
• There are two types of charge, positive 
and negative, and they interact with each
other in predictable ways. Unlike charges
exert attractive forces on each other, while

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like charges exert repelling forces on each
other. This means that if two objects that are
both positively charged come close to each
other, they will repel, or push each other
away. If a positively charged object comes
close to a negatively charged object, the two
objects will attract each other and try to
come together.
 Electric Force and Types of Charges

• We use Coulomb's Law to solve the forces

created by configurations of charge.
• Unlike charges attract

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• Like charges repel,

 Electric Force and Types of Charges
• Electrons have a negative charge.
• Protons have a positive charge.
• Neutrons have a no charge.

• An Electrically Neutral atom has the same

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number of Protons and Electrons.

• The number of Protons plus the number of
Neutrons is the Atomic Weight
 How a Battery works

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 How a Battery works
• A basic law of the universe is that like
charges repel and unlike attract.
• Two negatives will repel each other.
• A negative and a positive will attract each
other.
• An electron has a negative charge.

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• The negative terminal of a battery will push
negative electrons along a wire.
• The positive terminal of a battery will
attract negative electrons along a wire.
• Electric current will therefore flow from the
negative terminal of a battery, through the
lamp, to the positive terminal.
 How much force?
1. The charge on the 1st object (q1 )
2. The charge on the 2nd object (q2 )
B 3. The distance between them (r)
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• We use Coulomb’s Law to calculate this

force
• The constant for Coulomb’s Law is “k”
“k” is the ELECTROSTATIC CONSTANT
8.99 x 10 9 N∙m2 /C2
 COULOMB’S LAW
• Coulomb stated that the force of
attraction/repulsion between two
charges is directly proportional to the
product of charges and inversely
proportional to the square of distance

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between them.
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 Explanation:
• We know that a force of attraction or
repulsion acts between two charged
bodies. a French scientist Charles
Coulomb (1736– 1806) in 1785
experimentally established the

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fundamental law of electric force between
two stationary charged particles.
 COULOMB’S LAW

where ε0 is called permittivity of free

space.

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 What are the uses of electric
force?
• Electric Force is one kind of force that exists between all
kinds of charged particles. There are a lot of use of It.
Some Common uses are given below
1.Such as making Hair Straight or Hard
2.For creating Chemicals Bonds
3.Like Switching Off and On of Different types of electric
Particles

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4.For Charging any electric Things
5. For Making Electric circuits
6.If we wanna dry wet cloths, we use cloth dryer also we use
hair dryer.
7.We use it to on Different types of Blender
8.Allow To Switch on or off of Lamp or Light
 Conductors and
Insulators
• Conductor: Materials which
allow electric charge to flow
freely

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• Metals are good conductors
because their outer
electrons are not bound
tightly
• Insulator: Materials which do
not allow electric charge to
 Conductors and
Insulators
• Semiconductor: Materials that can be made to
behave as either a conductor or an insulator of
electricity
• i.e.) germanium, silicon

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• A superconductor is a material that can
conduct electricity or transport electrons from
one atom to another with no resistance. This
means no heat, sound or any other form of
energy would be released from the material
when it has reached "critical temperature" (Tc),
or the temperature at which the material
becomes superconductive
 Capacitor
• Capacitor is an
electronic component
that stores 
electric charge.
• The capacitor is made
of 2 close conductors
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(usually plates) that

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are separated by a
dielectric material.
• Consists of two
conductors with an
insulator in between
• Can hold this
separation of charge
for large periods of
 Applications of
Electrostatics Force
1. The Van de Graaff Generator
2. Xerography
3. Laser Printers
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4. Ink Jet Printers and Electrostatic Painting

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5. Smoke Precipitators and Electrostatic Air

Cleaning
 1.The Van de Graaff
Generator
• The Van De Graaff Generator is basically an
electrostatic machine that can generate high
voltages. A typical Van De Graaff Generator
consists of an insulating belt that transports
electrical charge to a terminal. The charges
that are sent on the belt are generated through
a high voltage DC supply. These charges are

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collected in the inside of the terminal and
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transferred to its external surface.

• A Van De Graaff generator can be used to
generator high amounts of potential difference
to the order of about 5 Mega Volts. Generally
used for scientific experiments. It was invented
in 1929 by American physicist Robert J. Van de
Graaff.
 1.The Van de Graaff
Generator
• SHORTLY : Its a device that generates
static electricity on a moving belt and
transfers it to a collector sphere.

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 1.The Van de Graaff
Generator

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 CONSTRUCTION :
Van De Graaff Generator consist of
1. hollow metal sphere
2. upper electrode
3. upper roller (metal)
4. side of the belt with positive
charges

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5. opposite side of the belt with

negative charges
6. lower roller
7. lower electrode (ground)
 APPLICATION :
1.It is used to generate x-rays, which is
widely used in medicine field.
2.It is used in atom smasher’s, which is used
in research purposes.

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3.It found applications in physics, medicine,
etc.
4. In medicine, such beams are used to treat
cancer.
 Xerography
• The Copying process is called Xerography. It is
the combination of Greek Word  xeros
and graphos which mean dry writing.
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 Xerography
Xerography is a dry copying process based
on electrostatics. The major steps in the
process are the charging of the
photoconducting drum, transfer of an image,
creating a positive charge duplicate,
attraction of toner to the charged parts of the
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drum, and transfer of toner to the paper. Not

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shown are heat treatment of the paper and

cleansing of the drum for the next copy.
 Laser Printers
• Laser printers use the xerographic process to
make high-quality images on paper, employing a
laser to produce an image on the photoconducting
drum . In its most common application, the laser
printer receives output from a computer, and it
can achieve high-quality output because of the
precision with which laser light can be controlled.

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• In a laser printer, a laser beam is scanned across

a photoconducting drum, leaving a positive
charge image. The other steps for charging the
drum and transferring the image to paper are the
same as in xerography. Laser light can be very
precisely controlled, enabling laser printers to
produce high-quality images.
 Laser Printers

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 Ink Jet Printers and Electrostatic
Painting
• The ink jet printer, commonly used to print
computer-generated text and graphics, also
employs electrostatics. A nozzle makes a fine
spray of tiny ink droplets, which are then
given an electrostatic charge .
• Once charged, the droplets can be directed,

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using pairs of charged plates, with great

precision to form letters and images on
paper. Ink jet printers can produce color
images by using a black jet and three other
jets with primary colors, usually cyan,
magenta, and yellow, much as a color
television produces color. (This is more
difficult with xerography, requiring multiple
drums and toners.)
 Ink Jet Printers and Electrostatic
Painting

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Smoke precipitators and
electrostatic air cleaning
• Another important application of electrostatics is
found in air cleaners, both large and small. The
electrostatic part of the process places excess
(usually positive) charge on smoke, dust, pollen, and
other particles in the air and then passes the air
through an oppositely charged grid that attracts and

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retains the charged particles (Figure)
• Large electrostatic precipitators are used
industrially to remove over 99\% of the particles
from stack gas emissions associated with the
burning of coal and oil. Home precipitators, often in
conjunction with the home heating and air
conditioning system, are very effective in removing
polluting particles, irritants, and allergens.
Smoke precipitators and
electrostatic air cleaning

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