COMPONENTS ADDING TO HEAT LOAD

 Solar radiation through the glass.

 Heat conducted through the walls, roof and glass.
 Heat conducted from the adjoining non-a/c rooms.
 Heat from outdoor air usually required for ventilation
purpose.
 Heat load from internal equipment.
 Heat load from room lighting.
 Heat from occupants.
 DESIGN PARAMETERS

 The Latitude of the station

 Outside temperature and RH to be considered for
design.
 The month in which the above design
parameters appear.
 Direction of the building
 Desired inside temperature and RH
 Quantity of outside air to be inducted for
ventilation
 PROPERTIES OF AIR

 Dry-bulb temperature
 Wet-bulb temperature
 Relative humidity
THERMOMETERS

Dry Bulb

Wet Bulb
RELATIVE HUMIDITY

Amount of moisture that a given amount of air is

holding
Relative =
Humidity Amount of moisture that a given amount of air
(percentage) can hold

100% RH -
Saturated
50% RH
 WHAT RELATIVE HUMIDITY MEANS

Warmer the air is, the more water vapor it can "hold."

At sea level pressure

Air temperature in degrees C Water vapor air can hold
at this temperature.

30 degrees 30 grams per cubic meter of air

20 degrees 17 grams per cubic meter of air
10 degrees 9 grams per cubic meter of air
 DEFINITIONS

 TR: (Tons of Refrigeration) The unit of capacity of air

conditioning unit/system.
1 TR=3024 kcal/hr.=3.516 kW

 Absolute humidity: The mass of water vapor in a given

volume of air , usually expressed in grams per cubic meter.

 Saturation of air: The condition under which the amount of

water vapor in the air is the maximum possible at the existing
temperature and pressure. Condensation will begin if the
temperature falls or water vapor is added to the air.
 DEFINITIONS (Contd.)

 Specific humidity: The mass of water vapor in a

parcel divided by the total mass of the air in the
parcel (including water vapor)

 Psychrometry or hygrometry: The study of how

the properties of moist air can change as a result of
air conditioning processes
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
 SPECIFIC VOLUME
220

200
Humidity Ratio (grains/lb of dry air)

180

160
specific volume lines

14.
140 (cubic feet / pound of dry air)

5
120

100

80

60

14.
13.
40

0
13.

5
20
0

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

Dry-Bulb Temperature (°F)

 CONDITIONS OF AIR ON THE
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
220

200

180
Humidity Ratio (grains/lb of dry air)

160

140

120

100

80 humidity ratio
60

40 wet bulb
dry bulb
20 relative humidity
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 110

Dry-Bulb Temperature (°F)

 REMOVING SENSIBLE HEAT AND MOISTURE

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC001-EN

Comfort Zone

ure
er at
p

humidity ratio
tem RH
ulb 60
%
e t -b
w
A RH
%
30

70°F 80°F
[21.2°C] [26.7°C]

dry-bulb temperature
 Comfort condition

SUMMER
 optimum summer temperature range 21-24 oC
 acceptable summer temperature range 20-26 oC
 optimum humidity range 40-60%
 minimum recommended fresh air rate 10 Litres per
second (L/s) per person or 10 L/s per 10 m2 for
mechanical ventilation systems.
 optimum air movement 0.1-0.5 m/s (naturally ventilated),
0.1-0.2 m/s (air-conditioned).
Comfort condition
WINTER
 optimum winter temperature range 19-22 oC - ie about 1-3
oC lower than summer temperatures

 acceptable winter temperature range 18-24 oC - also lower

than in summer
 optimum humidity range 40-60% - the same as for summer
 minimum recommended fresh air rate 10 L/s per person or
10 L/s per 10 m2 for mechanical ventilation systems -
identical to summer
 optimum air movement 0.1-0.5 m/s (naturally ventilated),
0.1-0.2 m/s (air-conditioned) - the same as for summer.
 ESTIMATION OF PLANT CAPACITY.

 Generally it is impossible to measure either the actual

peak load or the partial load in any given space; these
loads must be estimated. The air conditioning load
estimation must take into account the heat coming into
the space from outdoors on a design day, as well as the
heat being generated within the space.
A design day is defined as:
 A day on which the dry- and wet-bulb temperature s are

peaking simultaneously.
 All of the internal loads are normal.
 TYPES OF SYSTEMS
 Window type, which is available up to 2TR
capacity. It is the most commonly used air
conditioner for single rooms. In this air
conditioner all the components, namely the
compressor, condenser, expansion valve or coil,
evaporator and cooling coil are enclosed in a
single box. This unit is fitted in a slot made in
the wall of the room, or more commonly a
window sill
 TYPES OF SYSTEMS
 Split type, Available from 1.5TR to 15TR
capacity. The split air conditioner comprises of
two parts: the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room, houses
components like the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve. The indoor unit comprises the
evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. For
this unit you don’t have to make any slot in the
wall of the room
 TYPES OF SYSTEMS
 Packaged type, Available from 3TR to 20 TR capacity.
There are two possible arrangements with the
package unit. In the first one, all the components,
namely the compressor, condenser (which can be air
cooled or water cooled), expansion valve and
evaporator are housed in a single box. The cooled air
is thrown by the high capacity blower, and it flows
through the ducts laid through various rooms. In the
second arrangement, the compressor and condenser
are housed in one casing. The compressed gas passes
through individual units, comprised of the expansion
valve and cooling coil, located in various rooms.
 TYPES OF SYSTEMS
 Centralized Air-Conditioning System – entral air
conditioning is used for cooling big buildings,
houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms, movie
theaters, factories etc. If the whole building is to
be air conditioned, HVAC engineers find that
putting individual units in each of the rooms is
very expensive making this a better option. A
central air conditioning system is comprised of a
huge compressor that has the capacity to produce
hundreds of tons of air conditioning. Cooling big
halls, malls, huge spaces, galleries etc is usually
only feasible with central conditioning units.
DIRECT EXPANSION SYSTEM
CHILLED WATER SYSTEM
Window Air-Conditioner
Large Air-Conditioning System